Human Cloning Essay

IntroductionThe possible action of gentle re- sp give nonice a penny, increase when Scottish scientists at Roslin run through created the overmuch-celeb evaluated sheep dame, aro apply oecumenic sp atomic number 18- cartridge clip activity and concern because of its scientific and good implications. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, in similar manner comp whizzntrated un acceptedty all over the meaning of re-create an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material.Given this breed, you may ask, or maybe right without delay, you be enquire what actually cl oneness is. Biology de alrights re-create as the process of producing exchange sufficient populations of contagiousally analogous idiosyncratics that legislates in nature when organisms much(prenominal) as bacteria, insects or puts re introduce asexually. However, in Bio applied science, copy is all further ab stunned(predicate) copying desoxyribonucleic acid fragments to green groceries a perfect toller of the specimen. Derived from the ancient greek formulate klon, meaning twig, it refers to the process w presentby a sunrise(prenominal) plant terminate be created from a twig.In this dubiousness written report, my chief(prenominal) goal is to hire you earn and answer our questions on what re-create certainly is all several(prenominal)(prenominal)what, and how it get out fix our lives once it is victor richly foundere. Yes, I experience my questions as well regarding the process, and the main(prenominal) reason this is the consequence I chose is because the idea check overms to be both sincere and complex at the selfsame(prenominal) time. As to why, I lead be answering that as we dig deeper into the effect.Lastly, before we move to the bordering procedure of this very provoke question, you may postulate to know that re-create does non refer c omp permitely to a maven process. It has its deliver complexities, and in that location argon several(prenominal) processes and methods in which copy is disassociated and categorized. And now, into the topic we go. diainveterate BackgroundAs a scientific and technical casualty, homophile dead ringer has emerged as an out gain of discoveries or innovations in develop kind biology, genetics, assisted productive technologies, living creature breeding, and, to the highest degree recently, investigate on fertilized testislogic stem carrells. pricker up generative proficiencys in adult males accomplished the in vitro ma beatg of a kind-hearted clump, yielding a zygote and developing fertilized egg that could be winningly implanted into a womans uterus to flip rise to a live- natural fry. Animal breeders essential and refined these techniques with a emplacement to perpetuating particularly valu equal wolfs and maintaining laboriously identified genomes. around recently, the closing off of embryologic stem prison electric carrelular phones and their subsequent in vitro differentiation into umpteen different prison cellphoneular telephone types stir opened up possibilities for repairing and replacing diseased or nonfunctioning tissue, and and and so possible interrogation uses for re-created tenderkinds embryos. The German embryologist Hans Spemann mete outed what umpteen consider to be the earliest re-create experiments on animals.Spemann was interested in answering a fundamental question of biological study does each differentiated cell retain the full tushup of genetic information present ab initio in the zygote? In the late 1920s, he tied make part of a cell containing the centre from a poker game embryo at the sixteen-cell stage and al unkepted the single cell to divide, showing that the nucleus of that archean embryo could, in effect, get moving over. In a 1938 book, Embryonic victimization and Inductio n, Spemann windered whether much than(prenominal)(prenominal) completely differentiated cells had the same capa urban center and speculated rough the possibility of shipring the nucleus from a differentiated cell taken from either a later-stage embryo or an giving organism into an enucleated egg. As he explained it determinative information near this question may perhaps be afforded by an experiment which appears, at stolon sight, to be m whateverwhat fantastical. This experiment competency possibly show that thus far nuclei of differentiated cells bathroom initiate prescript development in the egg protoplasms. totally Spemann did non know how to conduct much(prenominal) an experiment. Research with batrachians fourteen days later back up leave toward the fantastical experiment. In 1952, the Ameri grass embryologists Robert Briggs and doubting Thomas J. King first successfully deportationred nuclei from archaean embryonic cells of leopard frogs to enucl eated leopard frog nut.The activated egg began to divide and develop, became a multicellular embryo, and because became a tadpole. Embryologists in otherlaboratories successfully ingeminate these initial experiments on different species of frogs. But additional experience in any case showed that the older and more differentiated a sponsor cell becomes, the less(prenominal) desirely it is that its nucleus would be able to direct development. In 1962, the British developmental biologist John Gurdon reported that he had throwd sexually full-bl testify frogs by headring nuclei from intestinal cells of tadpoles into enucleated frog eggs. The experiments had a low success rate and remained controversial. Gurdon continued this work in the 1970s, and he was able to produce tadpoles by transferring the nucleus of bounteous frog skin cells into enucleated frog eggs. Later experiments realised that more factors in addition to the intact nucleus ar heavy to success. In retrospect , it is surprising that any of these earlier experiments produced positive results. But nonwithstanding their low success rates, these experiments demonstrate that the nucleus retained its full complement of genetic information and encouraged later investigators to explore mammalian re-create.The produce of Louise Br aver in 1978, the first baby conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF), was as well as an important milestone, because it demonstrated that mankind birth was possible from eggs that were fertilized outside the body and whence implanted into the womb. As for the possibility of clone animals from adult cells especially mammals the work in the intervening historic period focus largely on the reprogramming of gene expression in embo hand outd cells, the transfer of nuclei taken from embryos in mammals (beginning with mice in the 1980s), and finally the work of Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin gravel up with adult nuclei, which remove to the birth of Dolly on July 5, 1996. Since because, similar success has been achieved in clone other mammalian species, including cattle, goats, pigs, mice, cats, and rabbits. The animal cloners did non direct out to develop techniques for re-create humans. Wilmuts goal was to replicate or perpetuate animals stick outing a valuable genome (for example, sheep that had been genetically modified to produce medically valuable proteins in their milk).Others, such(prenominal) as the cloners of the kitten CC, were interested in commercial ventures for the re-create of pets.6 Yet the techniques genuine in animals fuck off encouraged a base born(p) number of infertility therapists to contemplate and explore moves to clone human small fryren. And, following the announcement in 1998 by James Thomson and his associates of their isolation of humanembryonic stem cells, there emerged an interest in cloned human embryos, not for reproductive uses but as a powerful tool for research into the nature and transactment of human disease. So what does this mean? Having successfully clone Dolly the sheep? I will be discussing that as we go further with the research. Let me present to you now several(prenominal) historical selective information regarding the actually topic human clone. Here is an actually timeline of cloning processes that has been recorded throughout the past century re-create Timeline1885 August Weismann, prof of zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Freiberg, theorized that the genetic information of a cell would diminish as the cell went through differentiation. 1888 Wilhelm Roux tested the hemipterous insect plasm theory for the first time. One cell of a 2-cell frog embryo was destroyed with a hot pick outle the result was a half-embryo, supporting Weismanns theory. 1894 Hans Dreisch isolated blastomeres from 2- and 4-cell sea urchin embryos and observed their development into small larvae. These experiments were regarded as refutat ions of the Weismann-Roux theory. 1901 Hans Spemann split a 2-cell newt embryo into twain parts, resulting in the development of two complete larvae. 1902 Walter Sutton published On the Morphology of the Chromo slightly sort out in Brachyotola magna, hypothesizing that chromosomes carry the inheritance and that they occur in distinct pairs at heart a cells nucleus. Sutton also argued that how chromosomes act when sex cells divide was the base of operations for the Mendelian Law of Heredity. 1902 German embryologist Hans Spemann split a 2-celled salamander embryo and each cell grew to adulthood, providing proof that early embryo cells carry necessary genetic information.This finally disproved Weismanns 1885 theory that the amount of genetic information in cells decreases with each division. 1914 Hans Spermann conducted and early nuclear transfer experiment. 1928 Hans Spemann performed further, successful nuclear transfer experiments. 1938 Hans Spemann published the results of hi s 1928 primitive nuclear transfer experiments involving salamander embryos in the book Embryonic Development and Induction. Spemann argued the contiguous tincture for research should be the cloning organisms by extracting the nucleus of a differentiated cell and putting it into an enucleated egg. 1944 Oswald Avery found that acells genetic information was carried in desoxyribonucleic acid. 1950 First successful freezing of bull semen at -79C for later insemination of cows was accomplished. 1952 First animal cloning Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King cloned northern leopard frogs. 1953 Francis Crick and James Watson ,working at Cambridges Cavendish Laboratory, sight the structure of desoxyribonucleic acid. 1962 life scientist John Gurdon announce that he had cloned conspiracy African frogs development the nucleus of fully differentiated adult intestinal cells.This demonstrated that cells genetic possible do not diminish as the cell became specialized. 1962 65 Robert G. McKinnel l, Thomas J. King, and Marie A. Di Berardino produced swimming larvae from enucleated oocytes that had been injected with adult frog kidney carcinoma cell nuclei. 1963 Biologist J.B.S. Haldane coined the term clone in a speech entitled biological Possibilities for the tender Species of the Next Ten-Thousand old age. 1964 F.C. Steward grew a complete carrot plant from a fully differentiated carrot root cell. 1966 Marshall Niremberg, Heinrich Mathaei, and Severo Ochoa broke the genetic code, discovering what codon sequences specified each of the twenty amino acids. 1966 John B. Gurdon and V. Uehlinger grew adult frogs after injecting tadpole intestinal cell nuclei into enucleated oocytes. 1967 desoxyribonucleic acid ligase, the enzyme responsible for binding together strands of deoxyribonucleic acid, was isolated.1969 James Shapiero and Johnathan Beckwith announced that they had isolated the first gene. 1970 Howard Temin and David Baltimore each individually isolated the first re striction enzyme. 1972 Paul Berg combined the DNA of two different organisms, gum oli blackballum creating the first recombinant DNA molecules. 1973 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer created the first recombinant DNA organism exploitation recombinant DNA techniques pioneered by Paul Berg. Also cognize as gene splicing, this technique that allows scientists to manipulate the DNA of an organism the basis of genetic railway locomotiveering. 1977 Karl Illmensee and Peter Hoppe created mice with scarcely a single p arnt. 1978 David Rorvik published the wise In His Image The clone of a Man. 1978 Baby Louise, the first small fry conceived throughin vitro fertilization, was born. 1979 Karl Illmensee claimed to obtain cloned terzetto mice.1980 In the case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, the join States check offling Courtruled that a live, human do microorganism is patentable material. 1983 Kary B. Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1983. This process allows for the r apid synthesis of designated fragments of DNA. 1983 Davor Solter and David McGrath assay to clone mice using their own version of the nuclear transfer method. 1983 The first human mother-to-mother embryo transfer was completed. 1983 86 Marie A. Di Berardino, Nancy H. Orr, and Robert McKinnell channeled nuclei of adult frog erythrocytes, thus obtained pre-feeding and feeding tadpoles. 1984 Steen Willadsen cloned a sheep from embryo cells, the first verified example of mammal cloning using the process of nuclear transfer. 1985 Steen Willadsen used his cloning technique to duplicate prize cattle embryos. 1985 Ralph Brinster created the first transgenic livestock pigs that produced human growth hormone. 1986 Using differentiated, one week old embryo cells, Steen Willadsen cloned a cow. 1986 unnaturally inseminated substitution mother Mary Beth washraghead gave birth to Baby M. She attempt and staged to retain custody. 1986 Neal First, Randal Prather, and Willard Eyestone used ear ly embryo cells to clone a cow. October 1990 The discipline Institutes of Health officially launched the Human Genome Project to locate the 50,000 to 100,000 genes and sequence the estimated 3 billion nucleotides of the human genome. 1993 M. Sims and N.L. First reported the creation of calves by transfer of nuclei from cultured embryonic cells. 1993 Human embryos were first cloned.July 1995 Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell used differentiated embryo cells to clone two sheep, named Megan and Morag. July 5, 1996 Dolly, the first organism ever to be cloned from adult cells, was born. February 23, 1997 Scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland officially announced the birth of Dolly March 4, 1997 President Clinton propresent a five year moratorium on national and clubbyly funded human cloning research. July 1997 Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell, the scientists who created Dolly, also created Polly, a Poll Dorset have got cloned from skin cells grown in a lab and genetically alter t o contain a human gene. August 1997 President Clinton proposed legislation to ban the cloning of humans for at least 5 years. September 1997 Thousands of biologists and physicians gestural a voluntary five-year moratorium on human cloning in the United States.December 5, 1997 Richard Seed announced that he intended to clone a human before federal laws could effectively prohibit the process. early January 1998 nineteen European nations signed a ban on human cloning. January 20, 1998 The feed and Drug Administration announced that it had business office over human cloning. July 1998 Ryuzo Yanagimachi, Toni Perry, and Teruhiko Wakayama announced that they had cloned 50 mice from adult cells since October, 1997. January 1998 Botechnology firm Perkin-Elmer Corporation announced that it wold work with gene sequencing expert J. Craig Venture to privately map the human genome.Should be interesting enough, right? So in 1998 there was actually a study progression in the field of genealogy which took us a tone of voice end downr towards human cloning. The Human Genome. The genome of homosapiens stored in 23 chromosome pairs, was launched 30 years after the successful deciphering of the DNA code which was done in 1968. It came as a major boost for the much- drived practice of human cloning. Even though animal cloning was relieve in its infancy stage, several scientists attempted to clone the human cells.In 2002, Clonaid a human cloning company founded in 1997, revealed that it had sucessfully cloned humans, and do existence a picture of a baby which was allegedly the first clone human, named Eve. The company followed up with more of such revelations, but it was difficult to assess the credibility of these claimsas they refused to undergo a DNA test of the mother and child. More of such claims also surfaced, though none were credible enough. Human re-create Prohibition Act proficient when things were come downing in place and we were close to the development of a human clone, a major setback came in the form of the Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2009, which deemed cloning unlawful, un estimable and an immoral activity. The opposition to cloning of humans came from scientific community, which was not satisfied with the results of animal cloning, and the apparitional communities, which remember that the cloning of humans is an activity which interferes with human life and procreation. Due to the much-debated ethical issues of cloning, both reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning be opposed, and flat banned in some countries, today.The fraternity of pro-cloning scientists and researchers though, atomic number 18 hoping that human cloning will be legalized some time soon after which they can get back to their labs, and continue experiments related to the same. Though the death of variant cloned animals has questioned the practice of cloning time and again, each of these experiments has put humans one step towards the seemingl y impossible goal of successfully cloning its own kind.proficiencys/Methods of Cloning* Somatic stall Nuclear TransferThe term bodily cell nuclear transfer refers to the transfer of the nucleus from a embodied cell to an egg cell. A somatic cell is any cell of the body other than a germ (sex) cell. An example of a somatic cell would be a blood cell, heart cell, skin cell, and so on In this process, the nucleus of a somatic cell is removed and inserted into an unfertilized egg that has had its nucleus removed. The egg with its donated nucleus is then nurtured and divides until it becomes an embryo. The embryo is then placed inside a surrogate mother and develops inside the surrogate. * The Roslin TechniqueThe Roslin Technique is a variation of somatic cell nuclear transfer that was developed by researchers at the Roslin Institute. The researchers used this method to create Dolly. In this process, somatic cells (with nuclei in tact) are allowed to grow and divide and are then dep rived of nutrients to induce the cells into a suspended or dormant stage. An egg cell that has had its nucleus removed is then placed in close proximity to a somatic cell and both cells are floor with an electrical pulse. The cells fuse and the egg is allow to develop into an embryo. The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate. * The Honolulu TechniqueThe Honolulu Technique was developed by Dr. Teruhiko Wakayama at the University of Hawaii. In this method, the nucleus from a somatic cell is removed and injected into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. The egg is bathed in a chemic solution and cultured. The developing embryo is then implanted into a surrogate and allowed to develop. Were done discussing the historical background of human cloning. And cloning also in the general smell out was also, at the very least, has been thoroughly defined. I fancy this has been informative enough to shed some light as to how cloning was little by little, brought into the mainstream of scientific breakthroughs. Moving on to the next part, I will now discussed the riddles associated with human cloning. Statement of the ProblemThe main problem on human cloning is that there has been no advancement to the process since the genome. And however though it was a major advancement, the process stay very inconsistent and very risky in many of its aspects, and there had been many issues regarding it. Conflicts somewhat its ethical and moral implications are popped out the moment human cloning has been brought into the frontlines of scientific studies. We, as lot have different cultures and traditions and these factors greatly influence the advancement of cloning in a far deeper sense. The question is, what exactly are the risks of cloning? reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable progeny. More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. In addition to lo w success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and high rates of contagion, tumor growth, and other disorders. Japanese studies have shown that cloned mice live in poor health and die early. About a third of the cloned calves born alive have died young, and many of them were abnormally large. Many cloned animals have not lived long enough to generate good data slightly how clones age. look healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a good indicator of long-term survival.Clones have been know to die mysteriously. For example, Australias first cloned sheep appeared healthy and energetic on the day she died, and the results from her necropsy failed to determine a cause of death. In 2002, researchers at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, reported that the genomes of cloned mice are compromised. In analyzing more than 10,000 liver and placenta cells of cloned mice, they discovered that about 4% of genes functi on abnormally. The abnormalities do not arise from mutations in the genes but from changes in the normal activation or expression of certain genes. Problems also may result from programming errors in the genetic material from a donor cell.When an embryo is created from the union of a sperm and an egg, the embryo receives copies of about genes from both parents. A process called form chemically marks the DNA from the mother and father so that only one copy of a gene (either the maternal or enate gene) is covered on. Defects in the genetic imprint of DNA from a single donor cell may lead to some of the developmental abnormalities of cloned embryos. From these information, it gives us the impression that cloning is too risky and many large number look at that it is quite impossible to clone a human universe when the results of the exam conducted are not very compelling and satisfactory. In fact, in some cases, the impression of cloning a human instills fear on most religious s lew because of their belief of the Divine and the laws in conjunction with their beliefs. other question arises, thus creating more conflict and even big arguments about the process. Should humans be cloned?Physicians from the American medical checkup intimacy and scientists with the American Association for the Advancement of Science have issued formal public statements advising against human reproductive cloning. The U.S. Congress has considered the passage of legislation that could ban human cloning. Due to the inefficiency of animal cloning (only about 1 or 2 viable progeny for every 100 experiments) and the lack of apprehensiveness about reproductive cloning, many scientists and physicians strongly accept that it would be unethical to attempt to clone humans. non only do most attempts to clone mammals fail, about 30% of clones born alive are affected with large-offspring syndrome and other debilitating conditions. Several cloned animals have died previous(p)ly from infe ctions and other complications. The same problems would be expected in human cloning. In addition, scientists do not know how cloning could impact mental development. While factors such as intellect and mood may not be as important for a cow or a mouse, they are crucial for the development of healthy humans. With so many unknowns concerning reproductive cloning, the attempt to clone humans at this time is considered probablely marvellous and ethically irresponsible.The problems are quite disturbing and it require lots of decisive thinking, analytic thinking, arguments, debates, etc. to point out the quintessence of the cloning problems. I would desire to add a personal touch into the next part,the causes and effects. Causes and EffectsNow, lets view the concept in a much bigger perspective. At first, I had problems analyzing what may be the real cause(s) of the problems about the cloning process, and what are the implications of human cloning tribulations. So by advanceing m ore significant information and resources, I was able to cite several causes as well as the effects of the problems I stated in a capacious concept. completely the talk in recent years about the possibility of cloning human existences has everyone a little unsettled. Even those most enthusiastic about the interpret speak in cautious, albeit hopeful and optimistic, terms. Most folks arent quite sure what to make of the prospect of engineering human beings, although they are a little troubled by the thought, eon not a few are very concerned, and some even outraged, over the very idea. Its good that there is a certain amount of tension in the air over the subject of human cloning, for in many ways it seems we may be about to flower in to something without giving adequate consideration of the ethical, moral, and even spiritual aspects of the proposal. Its one thing to clone a sheep, or a pig.Were accustomed to the idea of manipulating the genes and jeopardizing the well being of be asts for the sake of possibly ameliorate the lot of human beings. Its some other thing to be talk about creating new people out of select gene pussys for what can lots sound like rather elitist purposes. Alarming terms such as eugenics and master race spring to mind. From a Biblical and Christian point of view there are at least three problems associated with the human cloning project. The prospect of engineering new human beings out of existing gene banks shake ups serious red flags in three important areas. * The hubris of intuitionFirst is the area of scientific hubris. Following the flood the Lord, analyze the arrogant attempt of fallen men to build a city and tower to celebrate their own scientific genius and ability, lamented that, having begun on such a hubristic path, humans would not be restrained to do whatsoever their fertilealbeit fallenimaginations office concoct (Gen. 116). Modern attainment has a lot proceeded on the idea if we can do it, we may,and cred ibly even should. That kind of thinking has produced many of the marvels and wonders of modern science and technology it has also contributed to the pollution of the environment, growing stockpiles of hazardous waste, and the threat to the continuation of civilization itself posed by the existence, and growing proliferation of, weapons of mass destruction. It borders on the realm of presumed omniscience, the kind of strength that says, Were scientists, and we know what were doing we dont have to get a line to anybody other than ourselves. Yet such a prerogative surely belongs to deity alone.At present a lively discussion is underway over the ethical, moral, and spiritual implications of human cloning. Just because the technology is availableor, at least, tight availabledoes not mean scientists should rush to do something the ramifications of which we have not carefully considered through thoughtful, longanimous discussions in the public square. President render was wise, in the summer of 2001, to set the brakes of the engine of the human cloning industry before it accelerated to runaway speed on a downhill curve with disaster as a very real possible outcome. But the pressure on scientists and labs to be the first in scientific breakthrough has led many technicians to take their research and experimentation to other venues, beyond the earn of Uncle Sam (or Uncle George). Our American culture has, in the past, rewarded the pride-driven efforts of scientists to be the first on their block with some new discovery or other.We award lavish prizes, put peoples faces on the cover of newsmagazines, celebrate them in the schools of the land, and otherwise make every effort to make them household name calling. What informed American does not know the names of people like Einstein, Pauling, Crick and Watson, and Hawking? Perhaps we should consider advance up with a prize for scientific restraint, awarding those scientists with the Mantle of Wisdom, lets say, who, after hearing the opinions of sociologists, ethicists, and theologians (among others) determine that their current research project is purify off left incomplete. * Human reductionismThe second problem area, from a Biblical and Christian perspective, relates to the view of human beings that pervades and drives the human cloning project. Years of animal experimentation in the development of drugs andtreatments have solidified in the minds of many people that humans are secure like animals, only a little more complex (all those emotional stateings and stuff). Weve been conditioned to believe that if we can make this thing work with animals then its probably safe, if not outright good, for humans.Thats why we sent monkeys up in outer space capsules before humans, and why we study lab rats to sort out how to produce happier and more obedient children. Im not endorsing this practice crosswise the board, mind you, just commenting on its ubiquity and general acceptance as a pathway fo rapplying the knowledge and technologies of science to questions of human well being. In the minds of many of our contemporaries cloning humans should be no problem once scientists have proven that we can clone animals safely and with beneficial results. But for Christians this is a serious problem, for we understand the Scriptures to teach that human beings are not simply advanced animals they are the image-bearers of God, and some(prenominal) else that means, it is a assigning unique to human beings, one that animals do not share (Gen. 126-28). As the image-bearers of God certainly we would expect some kinds of deference, some deeper considerations to be given before we apply the fruit of animal research instanter to human beings and communities.The reductionist approach of modern evolutionary science to the question of the nature of human beings has, as recently as the last century, led to human disaster on a massive scale. Tyrants of many stripes, having cut back certain hum ans to a sub-human levelif only because of ethnic, philosophical, or religious differencesfelt no qualms about systematically eradicating those people who had been reduced to sub-human situation by their particular worldview. It is not hard to imagine that cloned human beingsfor example, some that might go wrong could be easily disposed of, like lab rats, or that certain types of human beings, because of deficient gene pools (or whatever), might be disqualified from cloning. And, hey, if they arent worth cloning for the transgressment of humankind, then what good are they? I recall Francis Schaeffers chilling placard regarding the straight line from abortion to euthanasia of the elderly to culling the population for whatever reason If the fetus gets in the way, ditch it. If the old person gets in the way, ditch it. If you get in the wayHuman degradation and devaluation Finally, the problem of human reductionism leads to the degradation and devaluation of human life. If the human beingamounts to little more than a shopping mall of genes, available on demand for the forthcoming betterment of the race, then the genes are more important than any individual carrier thereof. There are scientists today who insist that everything about us, everything we think, do, are, aspire to, or become, is determined by our genes. Find the right genes, the best genes, and percolate to control and combine them, and you can make life better for someoneor for their gene pool. It would be easy to lose sight of the woods (the human person) for the sake of the trees (the genes) in such a situation, and we would be back to setifying people by recognizable gene traitslike color of skin or eyes, shape of skull, ability to reason, or whatever anybody in authority determined to be the desirable traits. bulk would no longer matter, just traitsjust as the young people Hitler rounded up for his breeding camps did not matter as individuals, only as possible conveyors of better genes fo r the prospective realization of the master race. Further, the fixation on genes can lead us to believe that things like affections, minds, and consciencesthe very stuff of the soul (1 Tim. 15)do not exist, and, thus, need not be taken poorly in seeking to solve problems relevant to the human situation. When everything can be reduced to genes, we dont need such archaic and otiose notions as compassion, self-control, aesthetic delight, forgiveness, love, and the like. All we need are better genes. Well figure out how to make those genes availableperhaps in gel caps or chewable tabletsand youll be better in no time And if such gene therapies dont seem to take hold in you, well then, its apparent you are beyond care. Your gene pool cant be improved. Well therefore have to rethink your status, what class of humanor subhumanyou might be.And then If human beings are not the image-bearers of God, if they are only animals, to be manipulated, improved, refined, and, yes, cloned, then the re is no reason to think that any of those notions of humanity, humaneness, or human-kindness, ideas that had their origins in the days when we thought otherwise about the kind of beings people are, should have any more utility in the brave new world we are creating. Which makes it passing important that Christians not sit out the current debate about cloning. The hubris of science and the momentum of an evolutionary age are stoking the boilers of the cloning industry, and the engine is building steam for a full-speed-ahead-noholds-barred plungeover the cliff and into the abysm of postmodern anthropology. For now, the brakes are set. But the present engineer wont always be in the cabin. The time for Christians to be speaking and working for a change in the consensus of thinking about cloning is now, and, as a former president once asked of his cabinet, If not us, who if not now, when?Lets now move to the next part. How was I able to gather the information I have provided aside fro m my personal statements and analysis? How broad is my resource in collecting the data? Furthermore, what are the boundaries and how large, really, is the topic of human cloning is? These questions will be answered shortly as we go into the next part.Scope and LimitationsBy now, you should have been enlightened to the significance of this research and a far more interesting idea is that, there are still more to be discussed about the topic. If you thought that the research was still lacking sense, let me share to you more details and let us explore the dark areas covered in this research. Thus, in this part, you should be able to understand the scope of my research, before I wrap this with the limitations naturally set by the topic and also before we form a goal to this research. * Arguments forSome people argue that cloning is the logical next step in reproductive technology. Identical twins are natural clones, so reproductive cloning can be regarded as a technological version of a natural process. If a couple are impotent, why shouldnt they be able to produce clones of themselves? If a couple have lost a child, why shouldnt they be able to interchange that loved individual with a clone if that is possible? Equally if someone has make a great contribution to science, music, the arts or literature, it seems like a good idea to produce more of them in the hope that we might benefit even more from what would effectively be a much longer working life. What is more, cloning a child could produce a tissue match for treatment of a life-threatening disease.* and againstOthers feel equally strongly that human cloning is completely wrong. With the state of the science as it is at the moment it would involve hundreds of damaged pregnancies to achieve one single live cloned baby. What is more, all the evidence suggests that clones are unhealthy and often have a number of built-in genetic defects which lead to premature ageing and death. It would be completely wrong t o bring a child into the world knowing that it was extremely likely to be affected by problems like these. The dignity of human life and the genetic uniqueness we all have would be attacked if cloning became common place. People might be cloned un unstrainedly we all leave thousands if not millions of cells around everyday as we go about our normal lives shedding skin Who will control who gets cloned? Companies are al launch devising money storing tissue from dead children and partners until the time that human cloning becomes available. How much scope will there be for unscrupulous dealings if human cloning becomes a reality?* The government of Human BiotechnologyHuman genetic and reproductive technologies pose immense challenges for the human future. If used responsibly they offer new ways to treat disease and otherwise improve the human condition. If misused, they could exacerbate existing disparities, create new forms of discrimination and inequality, and open the door to hi gh-tech eugenic practices. In short, biotech tools and practices have the power to promote or undermine individual social welfare and public health, to create private fortunes or advance the public interest, and to cling to or threaten a just and fair society. New human biotechnologies are being developed very rapidly. Neither the general public nor policy makers are fully aware of the nature and magnitude of the challenges they present. regulative oversight is inadequate at both national and international levels. hardly a(prenominal) civil society organizations have identified the issues these technologies raise as precedency concerns. The result is an accelerating stream of technological, social and commercial facts on the ground new products and industries, cultural icons and images, and concentrations of wealth and influence that undermines the prospect of democratic governance of human biotechnologies. Contrary to many accounts, however, the genie is not out of the bottl e. The most dangerously consequential biotechnologies have yet to be fully developed and marketed. powerful individuals and institutions are beginning to focus on the risks at hand. Responsible scientists let in the need for strong societal oversight. Many countries have adopted countrywide policies that can serve as models for others. There is no reason that people of different nations, cultures, religions and philosophies cannot work together in support of policies needed to nourish our common human future. Appropriate social oversight and regulation need not impede potentially beneficial medical research and applications. The next decade is a window of opportunity during which we can forge understandings and reach agreements on national and international policies that will allow us to garner the benefits and avoid the risks of these powerful biotechnologies. * Human CloningAnimal cloning has produced some remarkable results at heart the last few years, which has suggested to some that there should be a way to produce a human clone within the next year. Many news articles have appeared recently highlighting the potential to clone a human baby in order to replace a loved one who died as a newborn. Many social, moral, and ethical arguments have been raised in opposition to copying a person. For more details see AMAs 1999 CEJA Report The Ethics of Cloning (PDF, 41KB). But perhaps more important is the concern that we do not fully understand the science behind the successes from animal cloning experiments. Animal cloning success (and failure)Dolly, the sheep, was the first successfully cloned mammal (I. Wilmut et al., Nature 1997385810). Since 1997, gradual improvements in cloning technology have enabled researchers to generate mouse, cattle, goat, pig, deer, rabbit, cat, mule, and horse clones. While there have been no substantiated evidence for the cloning of humans, recent successes by South Korean researchers in generating stem cells from cloned human e mbryos (WS Hwang et al., Science 2005) have heightened concerns that this scenario is not beyond the realm of possibility. In spite of recent technological advances, animal cloning remains extremely inefficient.For every 100 experiments only one, two, or if lucky, perhaps three appear to produce a viable offspring in surrogate mothers. While scientific explanations for these failures remain to be defined, many researchers feel they represent nothing more than technicalhurdles that will one day be solved. Even then its survival beyond the perinatal period is unlikely. These is no reason to believe that any different outcomes will occur if and when human cloning begins. A speedy lesson in cloning technologyBefore going into the details of why these abnormalities are thought to occur, it is important to have a basic understanding of what in essence happens in order to clone an animal. First, a donor cell is found, which has its original DNA extracted and discarded. Next is the additio n of a nucleus from the desired animal that is to be cloned. The third step involves implanting the combined cell into the animal that the donor cell was appropriated from. Understanding the abnormalitiesThis part of the puzzle is as yet unsolved, but theories do point us in some tangible directions. Scientists believe that the resultant cloning abnormalities are not trackable to the donor nuclei, but more likely explanations involve failures in genomic reprogramming. Genomic reprogramming in the natural way prior to embryogenesis (i.e., without cloning technology) involves a stage of development of the sperm and the egg known as gametogenesis, which can take months to years to develop a mature gamete. This process is sped up during cloning, and takes only proceedings to hours. The process of configuring the exact state of the inner workings of the cell including such complex processes as methylation of the DNA may not be counteract for the development of the embryo.Methylation of DNA and other complex functions are now known to be essential to the correct functioning of each human cell, since they at long last control gene expression. And thus successful cloning may be dependent upon the donated DNA being correctly altered to the state of an early embryo. It is thought by some cloning experts that failure of the nuclear clones to produce viable offspring is due to inappropriate reprogramming of cells, which leads to unregulated gene expression. back tools, do they exist?Because of experience with animal clones, it is reasonable to conclude that future human cloning experiments will have the same high failure rates. The public has heard reassurance that the possibility of performing prenatalgenetic check exists as a way to control quality. If these groups plan on using current routine prenatal diagnosis for the detection of chromosomal and/or other genetic abnormalities, they will not detect the types of epigenetic disturbances that may occur with cloning . There are no extra tools in the developmental grape vine to help improve detection. Possible reaction to human cloning failures likewise the public outrage that would accompany human cloning failures would in turn hinder science and genetics, research in areas such as embryonic stem cells for the repair of organs and tissues could be negatively impacted. Research is on-going to develop reprogramming of certain cells to turn into specific tissues types, which could regenerate nerve, muscle, and other cell types, alleviating Parkinsons, Alzheimers, and heart disease among other chronic illnesses. The potential benefits of therapeutic cell cloning are enormous, and this research should not be jeopardized with human cloning activities. LegislationSince early 1997 the United States National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) has been feeling at the complex issues that surround this controversial subject. NBAC reached a conclusion in 1997, when it reported back to (Former) Presiden t Clinton, that a moratorium on human cloning would be advisable. The moratorium, which is supported by the AMA, suggests that no Federal funds be allocated for human cloning. Senator Ben Campbell (R-Co) offered a bill (April, 2001) in the Senate to bar human cloning, which will ban any attempts to clone humans, regardless of whether government or private funds are used to finance the research. If this law is violated, the penalty would be up to ten years in jail and a fine of up to $10 million. An accompanying House bill has been introduced (H.R. 1260) by Rep. Brian Kerns (R-In). White House officials have indicated that President Bush would support legislation outlawing human cloning. Bills Introduced to Congress* H.R.2560 Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2007* H.R.2564 Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2007* S. 812 Human Cloning Ban and Stem Cell Research Protection Act of 2007 The International PerspectiveThere is as little consensus among nations as there is among Congress me mbers when it comes to the issue of cloning. In fact, nations are so divided that the United Nations abandoned efforts to create a worldwide treaty on human cloning. Instead, in 2005 the U.N. adopted a block aiming to provide guidance to countries attempting to arrive at a position on cloning and stem cell research. Many nations, including the UK, China, and South Africa, have explicitly prohibited reproductive cloning while allowing research cloning. Fewer nations have explicitly prohibited research cloning, which (as of 2006) is allowed in 10 countries.Human Cloning Theories & Further Analysis (Answering questions why cloning should not be prohibited.) medical examination breakthroughs Human cloning technology is expected to result in several miraculous medical breakthroughs. We may be able to be cured _or_ healed crabby person if cloning leads to a better understanding of cell differentiation. Theories exist about how cloning may lead to a cure for heart attacks, a revolutio n in cosmetic surgery, organs for organ transplantation, and predictions abound about how cloning technology will save thousands of lives. You can read about many of the expected medical benefits in the essay The Benefits of Human Cloning. Medical tragedies Many people have affirmed accidental medical tragedies during their lifetimes. Read about a girl who needs a kidney, a burn victim, a girl born with cosmetic deformities, a man who needs a liver, a woman who is infertile because of cancer, and a father who lost his only son.All these people favor cloning and want the science to proceed. To cure infertility Infertile people are discriminated against. Men are made to feel like they are not real men. Women are made to feel as if they are useless barren vessels. Worse, being infertile is often not considered a real medical problem and insurance companies and governments are not sympathetic. The current options for infertile couples are painful, expensive, and heart-breaking. Clon ing has the potential to change the world for infertile couples almost overnight. To fund research People whose lives have been destroyed or have not been able to cast in this lifetime due to tragedy could arrange to have their DNA continued and fund research at the same time. For example A boy graduates from high school at age 18. He goes to a pool party to celebrate.He confuses the deep end andshallow end and dives head first into the pool, breaking his neck and becoming a quadriplegic. At age 19 he has his first urinary tract infection because of an indwelling urinary catheter and continues to suffer from them the rest of his life. At age 20 he comes down with herpes zoster of the trigeminal nerve. He suffers chronic unbearable pain. At age 21 he inherits a 10 million dollar trust fund. He never marries or has children. At age 40 after hearing about Dolly being a clone, he changes his will and has his DNA stored for future human cloning. His future mother will be awarded one mi llion dollars to have him and raise him. His DNA clone will inherit a trust fund. He leaves five million to spinal cord research. He dies feeling that although he was robbed of normal life, his twin/clone will lead a better life. Bad parents Did your parents destroy your life? Were they alcoholic, child-beating molesters? Did you never have a fate? Interestingly, human cloning allows you the opportunity to participate in choosing the parents for your clone. A baby birds right to be better than its parents Its been suggested that parents have a duty to see that their children have better lives than they do. This may mean making our children live longer, helping them to be resistant to cancer, heart disease, any familial diseases, and all the other problems that can be cured using what we learn from human cloning technology.To take a step towards immortality Human cloning essentially means taking a human beings DNA and reversing its age back to zero. Dr. Richard Seed, one of clo nings pencil lead proponents, hopes that cloning will help us understand how to reverse DNA back to age 20 or whatever age we want to be. Cloning would be a step towards a fountain of youth. To make a future couple financially secure With human cloning you could give a couple in the future both a child from your DNA and the financial assets from your lifetime to start out financially secure instead of struggling as most couples do now. Because you believe in freedom exemption sometimes means having tolerance for others and their beliefs. In America, some people believe gun control and some dont. Some people believe in one religion and others in another. In a free society we know that we must appropriate some views that we dont agree with so that we all may be free. For this reason human cloning should be allowed. To be a better parent Human cloning can improve the parent-child relationship. breeding a clone would be like having a child with an bid manual.You would have a head start on the needs and talents of your child. We are not aspect that a clone would be a deoxycytidine monophosphate copy with no individuality. Our talents and desires are genetic, developmental, and environmental. We would have a head start on understanding the genetic component of a cloned child. Endangered species could be saved Through the research leash up to human cloning we will perfect the technology to clone animals, and thus we could forever keep endangered species, including human beings. Animals and plants could be cloned for medical purposes Through the research leading up to human cloning, we should discover how to clone animals and plants to produce life-saving medications. You want your clone to lead the life that was meant to be yours The Human Cloning Foundation has been impress by the number of people that write to say that they would like to have a clone so that it may lead the life that was meant to be theirs.Typically, these are people who have suffered some terrible physical or mental handicap and feel robbed of the opportunities they should have had in life. Some see this life as a sacrifice so that the life of their clone may be enriched. To have a better sense of indistinguishability If we had some information about ourselves, perhaps we could sooner or better discovery who we are. A clone would have access to a tremendous amount of information about his or her parent that could greatly help in understanding ones psyche and physical attributes. All of this information could provide a better sense of identity. Because so many people want cloning Please read the dozens of essays by people from all over the world in support of human cloning and published by the Human Cloning Foundation. Religious Freedom At least two religions, the Raelian Religion and the Summum Religion, believe in cloning as one of their tenets. Because of the special relationship that twins have twin often have very special relationships. While many peopl e go through their lives never having a special relationship with another person, there are stories of twins in which they are so close they are perhaps psychically connected.More than one person has compose the Human Cloning Foundation (including a twin that feels close to her identical twin) that since a clone is virtually the equivalent of an identical twin, they suspect a very special relationship would exist between a clone and its DNA parent. Some twins describe their twin relationship as more wonderful and meaningful any other relationship intheir lives. Economics Countries that fail to research human cloning will suffer economically. The industrial revolution and Internet revolutions enriched the United States of America. Biotechnology will lead the next economic revolution. Those countries that jump in first will make the rewards. Those who fail to begin research right away will fall behind. As an example Japan failed to jump on the Internet bandwagon and is now playing catch-up.Japan has banned human cloning and will probably suffer by falling behind during the biotech revolution. One day in the not too far distant future, Japan may exonerate its mistake. Gay couples From one of our readers sprightly couples go through so muchnot to mention all the controversywhen they decide that they are ready for a baby. People question their right to bring a child that technically isnt related to them into a lifestyle that falls below societies views of normal..human cloning could allow two gay men to take 23 chromosomes from each male and put them into a single egg to truly have a baby of their own. also two gay women could use this technology to conceive a child of their own using their individual 23 chromosomes. (To our knowledge the type of reproduction described here has not yet been done, but someday it will probably be possible.) A cure for baldness From one of our readers But how about the possibility of using cloning technology to get more hairs breadth on a balding scalp. For example cloning can be used to get more hair from a few sample hair follicles or grafts from the patients head and then grow them.later transplant the grafts where it is needed.This will eliminate the need to do an incision in back of the scalp for donor hair and will literally give the patient MORE hair. Because the excited will demand it Those resisting human cloning research will probably find themselves shouted down by the sick and the maimed who desperately need such research. Human cloning technology promises to cure many or all incurable diseases and the moral encumbrance of the dying and infirm will undoubtedly sway the politicians more than the arguments of the healthy, who often remain ignorant of the potential of human cloning, because they have never been move by suffering to look desperately for a cure. Hope On the Charlie Rose television show on February 14th, 2001, three anti-cloners debated against one reporter. The anti-cloners m ade the case for stem cell research while alleging that cloning itself would not result in any major scientific breakthroughs.It islikely that the anti-cloners are quite wrong. Learning the process of reprogramming, differentiation, and dedifferentiation is likely to result in just as many medical miracles as stem cell research. The two lines of research go hand in hand and should complement each other. The three anti-cloners came across as people who would destroy hope. The kept alleging that things were impossible. They reminded me of the same types of people who proclaimed that cloning was impossible years ago. Furthermore, they seemed happy and willing to take away the hope of infertile couples and others with severe diseases that human cloning technology might one day lessen their suffering or save their lives. The anti-cloners also seemed to feel that they had the ability to predict the timing and demarcation of science advancement, which history has shown to be folly. Living on through a later-born twin Some childless people feel that by being cloned by their later-born twin would help them or their DNA to live on in the same sense that people who have children live on. first-rate So I think I am able to gather credible information/data regarding this research. To wrap things up, human cloning may or may not be limited to the information contained in this research. The best thing to do if you are still skeptical about this research is to conduct your own and compare it with this one, or make this your drive to better understand the human cloning topic. Such a broad topic cannot be summarize in a few pages such as this, if Im contradicting myself there, you might as well think of it deeply and you may have the answer too, that in its own way, really, human cloning may be explained as simply as process of creating copies of actual human beings or as complex as the information presented. Recommendation/ConclusionThis is where I get to share to you my ow n views, opinions, analysis, criticisms, and other things required to form an excellent conclusion to this brilliant topic. Human Cloning had really piqued my interest and in some way, I cannot have enough of it for myself. My recommendation is that, if youre not satisfied with this, please do make yourself comfortable by conducting your own research, and making your own research paper about the topic.To make this brief, I really am a skeptic so I am not easily sucked into the gravitation or concreteness of the information/data I have acquired. I mean, I do not easily decide whether something should be approved or not. Being a student of course, is both advantageous and disadvantageous in understanding the concept of this topic. But Im not saying that my understanding is limited only in a short extent. What I mean, is that I cannot give a definite answer to the question I am about to leave. Instead, I can only share to you my ideas about the topic, which, I already did by discussin g to you this research in both story and informative sort of way.Therefore, I have reached the conclusion that the understanding of the topic is still unequivocally relative to whoever reads this. I choose to let the sense of conclusion flow through the minds of the readers, thus making this conclusion, conclusive base on the understanding of each people who read this research paper of mind. Let me leave to you my final question to clone? Or not to clone?