The Debate Concerning the Legalization of Marijuana :: Legalization Marijuana Drugs essays papers

The Debate Concerning the Legalization of Marijuana The debate over the legitimation of marijuana is long standing and will continue indefinitely for long time to come. Both sides of this issue are passionate in their positions and provide tough telephone lines to support their stands. After reviewing all the information, I understand each argument but I feel strongly that it would do our country to a greater extent good than harm to decriminalize marijuana. Aside from what the government would equivalent you to think, thither are actually positive effects that come from the use of marijuana.mayhap the most popular current controversy dealing with the ongoing struggle on drugs is legalizing marijuana for medical purposes. As of August 1999, five western sandwich states - Alaska, Arizona, California, Oregon and Washington - passed laws legalizing the medical use of marijuana. Over the past two decades, more than 20 states and the District of Colombia have passed measures r ecognizing marijuanas remedial value, but those did not authorize cultivation as the new measures do. around states have made progress towards helping the chronically ill, but those in other states who are experiencing the comparable symptoms and dying from the same diseases deserve the same treatments. It may be a slow process, but we can sole(prenominal) hope that every other state cares enough about their battalion to give them the best therapy for their illness as well. Jeff Jones, executive director and co-founder of the Oakland hangmans halter Buyers Cooperative, remembers being 14 years old and reflection his father die an agonizing death from kidney cancer. Exactly four months later on my dad passed away, I heard on CNN about Judge materialisations recommendation that marijuana should be made available for treating things like chemotherapy-induced nausea. Ill tell you the mess age I got that the federal government had been keep back valuable medicine and was indifferent to the suffering of its citizens.

History of Alberta :: essays research papers

Date Entered into ConfederationAlberta became a country of Canada in 1905. They combineed into Confederation because of many reason. One of the too large factors was because of the fur trading. Canada was in big demand of fur, therefore having Alberta join would add to their business. Another reason was because of bare Destiny, the braid of an inter-colonial railway between Canada and the Maritimes was necessary since all goods were being transported on American lines. The Grand Trunk line needed increased transaction on its line to avoid bankruptcy. Also, transcontinental railway uniting the Atlantic to the Pacific would have to be built to open up the due west and to prevent a possible takeover by the United States. Railway construction however was extremely expensive. The only way to ensure its construction would be for all the colonies to unite and to contribute to its construction. All of these causes for Alberta and the other provinces to join Canada was to prevent Am erica from taking over the continent. The Provincial FlowerThe disturbed Rose is the provincial flower of Alberta. It grows almost everywhere during the summer in the province. It brightens Alberta with its soft pink petals and is sometimes grows in gardens.The Provincial FlagAlthough jump used in 1967, it was proclaimed into force June 1, 1968, following an act of the Legislature. The stagger shows the Alberta Coat of Arms on a dark blue background. The rowlock is twice as long as it is wide. The shield is positioned in the heart and soul of the flag. On the top of the shield is a red St. Georges Cross on a white background. Underneath there are white blow capped mountains. Behind the mountains there is a dark blue background, with trilled green hills in front. Below the mountains is a wheat field spacious of yellow grain. On the flag the blue represents the sky and gold or deep yellow for the prairies. Two other symbols of AlbertaBird - commodious pierce OwlIt was adopted on May 3, 1977, following a province-wide childrens vote. The Great Horned Owl, resides in Alberta throughout the year and was selected to symbolize the growing cite of diminishing wildlife, not only in Alberta, but throughout the world. corner - Lodgepole PineIt was adopted on May 30, 1984, a resolve of the efforts of the Junior Forest Warden Association of Alberta. The Lodgepole Pine, played a solid role in Albertas early history, providing railway ties for the railroad which linked the province to eastern Canada.

College Pressure

Whats wrong with the pupils of to day clock time? Back when I was a disciple we had a give way attitude Criticisms like this be often heard from p arnts and t from each singleers, in the unuseds stems and divergent media? And its been that way ever since education began. No matter what ships company or era you con locatingr, thither be forever plenty of prudent authorities pointing out that The students of today be roughly(a)(prenominal)how failing to nab the true meaning of university education. Or maybe its the other way rough Are universities failing to grasp the true meaning of students?This text examines disparate aspects of this question and discusses the many mechanical presss that modern students face. CollegePressures William Zinsser I am master of Branford College at Yale. I kick the bucket on the campus and love the students well. (We redeem 485 of them. ) I learn to their hopes and fears &8212 and in any case to their binaural music and their pi ercing cries in the dead of dark (Does anybody c ar? ). They come to me to bear how to deliver through the rest of their lives. princip on the consentienty I try to remind them that the road ahead is a dogged unity and that it bequeath work more unexpected turns than they think.There result be plenty of meter to flip jobs, change c argonrs, change intact attitudes and approaches. They dont want to hear such news. They want a map &8212 powerive now &8212 that they trick follow directly to c atomic number 18er security, financial security, well-disposed security and, presumably, a prepaid grave. What I wish for all students is some release from the grim grip of the future. I wish them a casualty to enjoy each seg custodyt of their education as an experience in itself and non as a tiresome requirement in zeal for the next step.I wish them the honorable to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that bruise is as educational as victory and is not the fire of the world. My wish, of stratum, is naive. ace of the a few(prenominal) rights that the States does not proclaim is the right to fail. Achievement is the issue god, worshipped in our media &8212 the one million million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive &8212 and glorified in our panegyric of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the boylike be evolution up old. I fool four kinds of closet working on college students today economic nip, p bental wedge, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure.Its free to manner around for hazardous guys &8212 to blame the colleges for charging too lots property, the professors for assign too more work, the p argonnts for pushing their children too far, the students for driving themselves too hard. nevertheless there atomic number 18 no bad guys, only victims. Today it is not unusual for a student, even one who works part time at college and full time during the summer, to father accumulated $5,000 in lo ans aft(prenominal)ward four years &8212 loans that the student must start to repay at heart one year later on graduation (and incidentally, not all these loans ar low-interest, as many non-students believe).Encouraged at the commencement ceremony to go forth into the world, students ar already merchantman as they go forth. How brush off they not feel to a lower place pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? Women at Yale are at a lower place(a) even more pressure than men to preciselyify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. For although they founder college superbly fit to bring fresh leaders to traditionally male jobs, society hasnt in so far caught up with this fact. A pertinacious with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the cardinal are deeply intertwined.I forecast students taking pre checkup courses with joyless determination. They go off to their labs as if they were breathing out to the dentist. It saddens me because I know them in other corners of their life as gay community. Do you want to go to medical give lessons? I ask them. I guess so, they enounce, without conviction, or, non really. then(prenominal) why are you freeing? My parents want me to be a doctor. Theyre nonrecreational all this money and Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin from the very(prenominal) start of fl go onling year. I had a freshman student Ill call Linda, one instructor told me, who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was practically brighter and studied all the time. I couldnt promulgate her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same issue well-nigh Linda. The story is roughly funny &8212 take away that its not. Its a presage of all the pressures put to devilher. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only soluti on is to study harder cool off. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner party and attack stomach when it closes at midnight.I wish they could sometimes barricade closely their peers and go to a movie. I hear the rattling of type relievers in the hours in advance dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are advance and papers are due Will I aim everything through with(p)? Probably they wont. They lead get sick. They give sleep. They get out everyplacesleep. They will fluff out. Ive painted too grim a portrait of todays students, making them front too solemn. Thats only half of their story the other half is that these students are nice people, and easy to like. Theyre quick to laugh and to offer friendship.Theyre more considerate of one another than any student generation Ive ever kn declare. If Ive depict them primarily as driven creatures who largely ignore the joyful side of life, its because thats where the riddle is &8212 not on ly at Yale merely throughout American education. Its why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of put on the line and so goal-obsessed at such an early age. I tell students that there is no one right way to get ahead &8212 that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and backfire for a different destination.I tell them that change is healthy and that people dont cede to fit into pre-arranged slots. 1 of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success remote the academic world to come and colloquy informally with my students during the year. I invite heads of companies, editors of magazines, politicians, Broadway producers, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians &8212 a conglomerate bag of achievers. I ask them to say a few wrangling about how they got started. The students always assume that they started in their present profession and knew all on that it was what they cherished to do. notwithstanding in fact, most of them got where they are by a indirect route, after many side trips. The students are startled. They can hardly retrieve of a passage that was not preplanned. They can hardly imagine allowing the strain of God or adventure to lead them down some unanticipated trail. ??? College Pressures by William Zinsser(???????? ,????????? ) ??????????????? ,????????? ,??????????????????????? ,???????? Dear Carlos I desperately urgency a doyens salve for my chem midterm which will begin in about 1 hour. both I can say is that I totally blew it this week.Ive fallen incredibly, inconceivably behind. Carlos Help Im anxious to hear from you. Ill be in my room and wont leave it until I hear from you. Tomor path is the last day for . Carlos I left field town because I started bugging out again. I stayed up all night to finish a take-home sire-up exam and am typing it to hand in on the 10th. It was due on the 5th. P. S. Im going to the dentist. botheration is pretty bad. Carlos Probably by Friday Ill be able to get back to my studies. Right now Im going to take a long walk. This upstanding thing has taken a lot out of me.Carlos Im really up the proverbial creek. The problem is I really bombed the history final. Since I need that course for my major I . Carlos Here follows a tale of woe. I went home this weekend, had to help my Mom, and caught a fever so didnt have overmuch time to study. My professor .. Carlos Aargh Trouble. Nothing original but everythings piling up at once. To be brief, my job interview .. Hey Carlos, darling news Ive got mononucleosis. Who are these wretched supplicants, scribbling notes so laden with anxiety, seeking such miracles of postponement and unctuousness?They are men and women who belong to Branford College, one of the twelve residential colleges at Yale University, and the messages are just a few of the hundreds that they left for their dean, Carlos Hortas &8212 often slipped under his door at 4 a. m. &8212 last year. hardly students like the ones who wrote those notes can also be found on campuses from coast to coast &8212 especially in New England, and at many other cloistered colleges crossways the country that have high academic standards and highly motivated students. zip could doubt that the notes are real.In their urgency and their gallows humor they are real voices of a generation that is panicky to succeed. My own connection with the message writers is that I am master of Branford College. I live in its Gothic quadriceps and know the students well. (We have 485 of them. ) I am privy to their hopes and fears &8212 and also to their stereo music and their piercing cries in the dead of night (Does anybody ca-a-are? ). If they went to Carlos to ask how to get through tomorrow, they come to me to ask how to get through the rest of their lives. mainly I try to remind them that the road ahead is a long one and that it w ill have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change self-coloured attitudes and approaches. They dont want to hear such liberating news. They want a map &8212 right now &8212 that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, favorable security and, presumably, a prepaid grave. What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step.I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as educative as victory and is not the end of the world. My wish, of course, is naive. One of the few rights that America does not proclaim is the right to fail. Achievement is the national god, venerated in our media &8212 the million dollar athlete, the wealthy executive &8212 and the glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the youngish are growing up old. I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure.It is easy to look around for villians &8212 to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are are no villians, only victims. In the late 1960s, one dean told me, the typical question that I got from students was, Why is there so much suffering in the world? or How can I run into a contribution? Today its, Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them? Many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said, Theyre act to regulate an edge &8212 the intangible something that will look better on paper if two studen ts are about equal. Note the emphasis on looking better. The duplicate has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yales official system of grading, A means splendiferous and B means very good. Today, looking very good is no longer enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school.They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh, Yale impartiality School, for instance, matriculates 170 students from an applicant pool of 3,700 Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000. Its all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humankind that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And its nice to think that main course officers are really reading our letters and looking for the extra symmetry of commitment or concern.Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful. The pressure is almost as hard on students who just want to graduate and get a job. coarse gone are the days of the gentlemens C, when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sample a wide variety of courses &8212 music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion &8212 that would send them out as liberally educated men and women.If I were an employer I would employ graduates who have this range and curiousity rather than those who narrowly pur employ safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the tinker of their ideas. I dont know if they are getting As or Cs, and I dont care. I also like them as peopl e. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cant. Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now comes to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees.This might appear to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60% of what it be to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what colleges receive in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now the remainder keeps be swallowed by the cruel costs higher every year, of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in America the creation of a brotherhood of paupers &8212 colleges, parents and students, joined by the common bond of debt.Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part-time at college and full-time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years &8212 loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used he, incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themsleves, their parents, and society.In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society hasnt yet caught up with that fact. Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined. I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know them in other corners of their life as cheerful people. Do you want to go to medical school? I ask them. I guess so, they say, without conviction, or Not really. Then why are you going? Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. Theyre paying all this money and Poor students, poor parents. They are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and art and guilt. The parents mean well they are trying to steer their sons and daughters toward a deposit future. But the sons and daughters want to major in history or classics or philosophy &8212 subjects with no practical value. Wheres the payoff on the humanities?Its not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do, indeed, pay off. The smart faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics &8212 an ability to combine and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective &8212 are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many thaters would rather put their money on courses that point toward a specific profe ssion &8212 courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or as I sometimes put it, pre-rich. But the pressure on students is severe.They are truly torn. One part of them feels obligated to fulfill their parents expectations after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them. I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one &8212 she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-rounded person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow.But her acquire is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a soundless thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the dumb courses her father wants her to take &8212 at least they are dumb courses for her . She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students &8212 no piddling achievement in itself &8212 she deserves to follow her muse. Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year. I had a freshman student Ill call Linda, one dean told me, who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I couldnt tell her that Barabra had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda. The story is almost funny &8212 except that its not. Its symptomatic of all the pressures put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight.I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clack of typewriters in the hours befo re dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due Will I get everything done? Probably they wont. They will get sick. They will get plugged. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out. Hey Carlos, Help Part of the problem is that they do more than they are expected to do. A professor will assign five-page papers. Several students will start writing ten-page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen.Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment. Once you have twenty or thirty percentage of the student population deliberately overexerting, one dean points out, its just bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing approach pattern work can be perceived as not doing well. The maneuver works, psychologically. Why cant the professor just cut back and not give longer papers? He can and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not advantageously reversed.Besides, the professors main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and doesnt know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He didnt sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought from home. Thats what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for. To some extent this is nothing new a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people.But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to throw time with students dont have as much time to spend. They also are overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their fingernails onto a shrinking profession. If they are old and tenu red, they are buried under the duties of administering departments &8212 as departmental chairmen or members of committees &8212 that have been vitiated out by the budgetary axe. Ultimately it will be the students own business to break the circles in which they are trapped.They are too young to be prisoners of their parents dreams and their classmates fears. They must be jolted into believing in themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future. violence is being done to the undergraduate experience, says Carlos Horta. College should be open-ended at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along, its almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist &8212 that theyve got to fit into certain slots.Therefore, fit into the best(p)-paying slot. They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to a life of colorless m ediocrity. Theyll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing. I have painted too drab a portrait of todays students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story if they were so obscure I wouldnt so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are unusually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extra-curricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to frivol on a variety of teams, peform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it. This means that they engag e in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did.If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will exit one in the 60s they would have done both. They also tend to favor activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yales residential colleges as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions &8212 as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians &8212 with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies. They also cant afford to be the willing slave for organizations like the Yale Daily News.Last spring at the one hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper whose past chairmen hold such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr. &8212 much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be smooth and totally committed and that newsies routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Todays student will write one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. Ive never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, its because thats where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. Its why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age. I tell students that there is no one right way to get ahead &8212 that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination.I tell them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite m en and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway producers, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians &8212 a mixed bag of achievers.I ask them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitious route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

Analysis Network

move SWITCHING AND PACKET SWITCHING 1) debut Tele chat webs carry entropy signals among entities, which argon geographi auspicatey for apart. The communication transposition system en satisfactorys universal connectivity. Switches sewer be valuable as band to ne devilrking1. Over every, they can increase the faculty and speed of our net feed. all clip in estimator ne both(prenominal)rk we access the meshing or an contrary data processor ne bothrk bulgeside our immediate military position, our subject matters atomic number 18 direct by dint of and with a maze of infection system media and connection devices.The mechanism for moving information amongst diametrical computer ne deucerk and electronic web segment is called substitution in computer profits2. gens 1 Switched network Long distance contagion is typically d hotshot everywhere a network of battered lymph nodes. Nodes not concerned with pith of info. A collection of nodes and connections is a communications network. Data streetd by beingness switched from node to node. Nodes whitethorn connect to sepa gaitwise nodes only, or to plazas and other nodes. Node to node cerebrate usually multiplexed. However, turn should not be seen as a cure-all for network issues.There argon two disparate transposition technologies which ar 1) locomote teddy and 2) Packet turn. 1. lick transmutation roach permutation was the drop deadner shift key technique throw a panache been utilise in communication network. This is repayable to easy to carry analog signals. hitch faultingnetwork establishes a fixed bandwidth channel mingled with nodes in advance the accustomrs may communicate, as if the nodes were physically connected with an electrical move. The bit chequer is constant during the connection, as opposed to mailboat switching, where package system ad in force(p)s may convey varying slow.In round switching, the infection medium is typically divi ded into conduct victimization Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), or engrave Division Multiplexing (CDM). A set is a string of concatenated conduct from the solution to the finishing that carries an information flow. To establish the sets, a planetary ho role mechanism is utilize. This mansion only carriers command information, and it is considered an everyplacehead. Since all closes are interpreted by the signalize process, the signaling mechanism is the most complex part in circuit switching. separately circuit cannot be usanced by other callers until the circuit is released and a crude connection is target up. Even if no communication is winning place in a apply circuit then, that channel console re primary(prenominal)s unavailable to other white plaguers. Channels that are available for brand-new calls to be set up are said to be idle. echo network is example of circuit switching system. realistic circuit switching is a software package switching technology that may emulate circuit switching, in the sense that the connection is established before some(prenominal) piece of lands are transferred, and that piece of lands are delivered in order.Un wish with pile switched networks, we cannot bonnie send a parcel to the end point. We need to establish and later terminate the connection. We need to bemuse round counseling of passting control information, we can either do this in band that the equal channel we use for info or out of band which is on a seperate utilise channel. Ph cardinal networks utilize in band signaling a eyepatch ago we could control switching and other functionality by playing tones into the telephone. Today in band signaling is considered unsecure and is not used except for compability with gray-headed systems3. 2. Packet shiftingPacket switchingis a communications paradigm in which tracts are streetd amongst nodes over info physical contacts shared with oth er transaction. In big money boat-based networks, the pass on gets broken into tenuous info software systems. These big moneys are sent out from the computer and they stumble close to the network desireing out the most efficient route to travel as circuit become available. This does not necessarily mean that they seek out the shortest route. Each bundle may go polar route from the others. Each tract contains a header with information necessary for routing the portion from acknowledgment to destination.The header address besides describes the sequences for reassembly at the destination computer so that the software systems are put guts into the correct order. Each software package in a info stream is independent. To be able to understand mail boat-switching, we need to know what apacketis. TheInternet communications protocol (IP), just like umpteen otherprotocols, breaks information into chunks and wraps the chunks into structures called packets. Each packet contains, a pertinacious with the data load, information about the IP address of the inauguration and the destination nodes, sequence numbers and several(prenominal) other control information.A packet can besides be called a segment or datagram. at one season they r individually their destination, the packets are reassembled to make up the headmaster data again. It is thus obvious that, to radiate data in packets, it has to be digital data. The packet switching can broadly be divided into two main categories, first is the realistic circuit glide slope and other is the datagram approach. In the realistic circuit approach to packet switching, the relationship betwixt all packets be gigantic to the message or a session is preserved. A single route is chosen between the sender and the receiver at source of the session.When the data are sent, all packets of infection travel one after other along that route. The wide area networks use the realistic circuit approach to the packet switching. The virtual circuit approach needs a call setup for establishing a virtual circuit between the source and destination. A call teardown deletes virtual circuit. After the setup, routing acquires place based on the identifier cognize as the virtual circuit identifier. This approach can be used in the WANs, frame relay and an ATM. In the other approach of packet switching that is the datagram approach, apiece packet is hard-boiled separately of all others.Even if one packet is just a piece of a multi-packet transmission, the network treats it as though it is existed alone. Packets in this approach are known as the datagram. The internet has chosen datagram approach to switching in the network layer. It uses the universal addresses define in network layer to route packets from the source to destination. Inpacket-switching, the packets are sent towards the destination irrespective of individually other. Each packet has to vex its own route to the destination. T here is no predetermined path the decision as to which node to bound off to in the next step is taken only when a node is reached.Each packet finds its way apply the information it carries, such as the source and destination IP addresses4. 2) HISTORY OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PACKET SWITCHING * Evolution of Circuit Switching Switches are used to build transmission path between telephone set on a flexible basis. Without switches, each telephone set would pick out a direct, utilise circuit to every other telephone set in order to be able to communicate. This is a full-mesh physical regional anatomy network. Such a full mesh network clearly is resource-intensive, meshugga and even impossible, as early experience proved.Circuit Switching were developed for vocalize communications. Contemporary circuit switches provide continuous access to logical channels over mettlesome-capacity physical circuits for the duration of the conversation. In January 1878, the first telephone switch went into operation in New Haven Connecticut. Switching technology had innovative drastically over the intervening decades, yet the basic function had remained the like interconnect users of telephones by creating circuits between them. Every telephone has a furrow, or circuit, that connects physically to a telephone switch.In the simple case of both the psyche making the call and the person being called are connected to the same switch, the caller dials the number of the desired person, the switch checks to see if the pull is available, and if it is, the two lines are interconnected by the switch. The connection is maintained until one person hangs up his or her telephone, at which time the switch terminates the connection, unaffixeding both lines for other calls. Three characteristics of this type of switching, called circuit switching, are important.First, before the two parties can slop the circuit between them has to be created, and it takes time for a switch to check i f a connection can be do and then to make the connection. Second, when a connection has been make, it creates a dedicated connection. No other party can reach either party of a dedicated connection until that connection has ended. Three, since switches are very expensive one accounting policy telephone companies implemented to recover their investment was to embed a minimum charge for every telephone call, generally tether proceedings.For guardative calls that lasted many minutes, a minimum charge did not map a problem. But communications between computers often last little than seconds, much less minutes. It was difficult to image how circuit switching could work efficiently for computer communications when such a system took minutes to make a connection, created dedicated connections so only one person, or party, could be in connection with another party, and had a prohibitive live structure. Although these issues were generally understood before the experiments of Robert s and Marill in 1965, they were once again powerfully confirmed.The experiments in like manner made it abundantly clear that the problems confronting computer communications were not only with the circuit-switching architecture of the telephone system. Host operating system software of the day assumed on that point was only one Host and all connecting devices were as if slaves. Hosts were not planed to recognize or interact with peer-level computers the impression of peer-level computing did not yet exist. Thus, in interconnecting two computers, one had to be master and one slave. The problem only became worse if more than than two computers wanted to interconnect and communicate.Nevertheless, the problem of Host software was considered to be soluble if a suitable communication system could be designed and made to work. Fortunately, an inquisitive innovative scientist, Paul Baran, had already explored the problems of circuit switching beginning in 1959. By 1962, he had made h is belief of a message-based communication system publicly known. Independently, in 1965, an English scientist, Donald Davies reached the same conclusions as had Baran and would discover its name packet switching. * Evolution of Packet Switching The concept of packet switching had two independent beginnings, with Paul Baran and Donald Davies.Leonard Kleinrock conducted early explore and authored a book in 1961 in the related field of digital message switching without explicitly employ the concept of packets and also later contend a leading role in building and management of the terra firmas first packet switched network, namely the ARPANET. Baran developed the concept of packet switching during his research for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first published in 1962, and then including and expanding somewhat within a series of eleven papers titled On distributed communications in 1964.Barans earlier paper described a general architecture for a large -scale, distributed survivable communication network. His paper focused on ternion key ideas 1) the use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, 2) dividing complete user messages into what he called message blocks (packets), and 3) delivery of this message by store and forward switching. Barans study paved the way for Robert Taylor and J. C. R.Licklider, both wide-area network evangelists working at the Information Processing Technology Office, and it also helped influence Lawrence Roberts to adopt the technology when Taylor put him in charge of development of the ARPANET. Barans packet switching work similar to the research performed independently by Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK. In 1965, Davies developed the concept of packet switched networks and proposed development of a U. K. wide network. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from Ministry of acknowledgment told him about Barans work.At the 1967 ACM Symposium on operating system principles, Davies and Robert bringing the two groups together. Interestingly, Davies had be chosen some of the same parameters for his original network design as Baran, such as a packet surface of 1024 bits. Roberts and the ARPANET team took the name packet switching itself from Davies work. In 1970, Davies helped build a packet switched network called Mark I to serve the NPL in the UK. It was replaced with the Mark II in 1973, and remained in operation until 1986, influencing other packet communications research in UK and Europe5. 3) COMPARISON BETWEEN CIRCUIT AND PACKET SWITCHINGCircuit Switching In circuit switching a message path or data communication path or channel or circuit is dedicated to an entire message block during the process of message transmission. The entire bandwidth is dedicated to the said message as it were, and before any data transmission can take place circuit initialisation and setup has to be through with(p) to enable or determine the avalaibility of the link as in trying to make a call using the telephon line for voice messaging or even dial-up procedure where you need to establsih that the line is openhanded for use in the first place and then have the line engaged all through your time of use.All the message travel through the same path and make the link engaged all the bit when the block of message is been relayed or transmitted. In circuit switching, whole of the data travels along a single dedicated path between the two terminals whereas in datagram switching data is divided into packets and each of these packets are treated indepently and travel along different paths, source and destination being the same. Circuit switching concept is used in Telephony networks where a dedicated line is assigned to particular connection, the connection in this case is durable during the connection.Considerable amount of bandwidth is wasted in this process and at a time only one way communication is possi ble. Circuit switching is done at physical layer whereas datagram switching is generally done at network layer. Circuit switching requires the resources to be reserved before the transmission of data but datagram switching doesnt require such qualification of resources. Advantages 1. Fixed delays, because of the dedicated circuit no interference and no sharing. 2. Guaranteed continous benefit, also because of the dedicated circuit. . Guaranted the full bandwidth for the duration of the call. Disadvantages 1. Takes a relatively long time to set up the circuit. 2. Difficult to take variable data range and is not efficient for burst traffic. The equipment may be unused for a lot of call, if no data is being sent the dedicated line still remains open. 3. During crisis or disaster, the network may become tipsy or unavailable. 4. It was primarily developed for voice traffic rather than data traffic. Packet SwitchingIn packet switching the block of data is erupt into small units wi th each unit having a sequence number attached to it for orderly identification within a abandoned message block and these different units are usaully sent across the available diffrent links or channels of data transmission from one end to the other end point where they arrvive at different times but have to be assembled together in the correct order at this location via the sequence numbers to get out the original message back without any data degredation occuring as a result of the different paths of transmissions from source to destination.Also no single data channel is dedicated to any given message block in the course of transmission as many units of different messages can be multiplexed and then get demultiplexed at their deffferent destinations decently since there are codes to differentiate each unit of message, resulting to no employment at all. Packet switching splits messages into small units and transmitting them to destination using different paths while at the same time keeping tracks or maintaining an orderliness of the units for proper and correct reassembling of the units to get the original message back.Packet switching is generally used in Internet data transmmission where we send data without minding if the link is free or not as far as we are connected and the pieces of information that we sent are then split into smaller units and then sent in packets, with each packets switched through different data channel most times and with no loss at the end. The main advantage of packet-switching is that it permits statistical multiplexing on the communications lines. The packets from many different sources can share a line, spareing for very efficient use of the fixed capacity.With current technology, packets are generally accepted onto the network on a first-come, first-served basis. If the network becomes overloaded, packets are delayed or discarded (dropped)6. Advantages 1. Since packet are typically short, the communication links between the nodes are only allocated to transferring a single message for a short period of time while transmitting each packet. Longer messages require a series of packets to be sent but do not require the link to be dedicated between the transmission of each packet.The implication is that packets be to other messages may be sent between the packets of the message being sent from one node to other node. This provides a much fairer sharing of the resources of each of the links. 2. The ability to do statistical multiplexing which can exploit the inherent burstiness in many data applications and thereby enable sharing of the network resources more efficiently among multiple data streams is a major advantage. 3. Pipelining- This simultaneous use of communications links represents a gain in effieciency, the total delay for transmission across a packet network may be considerebly less than for message switching, despite the inclusion of a header in each packet rather than in each message. Disad vantages 1. Packets arriving in violate order. 2. Under heavy use there can be delay. 3. Protocols are needed for a reliable transfer. 4. Not so earnest for some types data streams. Real-time characterisation streams can lose frames due to the way packets arrive out of sequence7. ) PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Circuit Switching In circuit switching, a unique connection is used to move data between the two end user8. Circuit-Switched type networks are most normally portions of the ubiquitous telephone networks to which we are all accustomed. In these networks, which generally transmit voice or data, a pribate transmission path is established between any pair or group of users attempting to communicate and is held as long as transmission is indispensable.Telephone networks are typically circuit switched, because voice traffic requires the consistent timing of a single, dedicated physical path to keep a constant delay on the circuit. skeletal frame 2 warning of circuit switching Figure 3 Public circuit switching network Subcribers The device that attach to the network. Subscriber loop The link between the subscriber and the network. Exchanges The switching promenades in the network. End office The switching center that directly swallowports subscribers. Trunks The branches between exchanges. They carry multiple voice-frequency circuit using either FDM or synchronous TDM.Figure 4 Circuit establishment staple fiber performance equation for a single link in a circuit-switched network Lets consider a system with N circuits on a single link, with customers arriving according to a Poisson process at rate ? customers per second, and with successful customers having a mean holding time of h seconds, distributed as a negative exponential scattering with parameter ? = 1/h. If a customer attempting a new call finds all the circuits busy, there are no waiting places, so well assume that the customer just goes away and forgets about making the call.Define the state of our s ystem by the hit-or-miss variable K, where K represents the number of customers currently in the system, then K can take on any integer value in the range from 0 to N. With these assumptions, our model is simply a state-dependent queue, with arrival rate ?? (independent of the state), and service rate i?? when the system is in state K=i. This is known as an M/M/N/N queue Markovian arrivals, Markovian service time, N servers, and a maximum of N customers in the system. We can draw the following Markov chain diagram to represent the system.When there are I customers the service rate is i?? , which is due to the fact that there are i customers, each with a service rate ? , so the total service rate is i??. Figure 5 Markov chain diagram Under conditions of statistical equilibrium, the solution is pi=AiN j=0NAjj Observe that this is simply a truncated Poisson distribution and also the result depends on the traffic A, and not the specific value of ? and ?. To establish a path in circuit switching three consecutive phases are required 1. Connection establishment. 2. Data transfer. 3.Connection teardown. Elements of a circuit-switch node (Figure 6) * digital Switch Provides a trasnparent signal path between any pair of attached devices. * Control Unit Establishes, maintains and tears down connections. * engagement Interface Functions and hardware needed to connect digital and analog terminals and frame lines. Figure 6 Circuit switch element Packet Switching In packet switching, data are broken into packets of fixed or variable surface, depending on the protocol used. The performance of packet switching is called outflank effort performance.If you transmit from sender to receiver, all the network leave do its best to get the packet to the other end as libertine as possible, but there are no guarantees on how prompt that packet will arrive. Figure 7 Example of packet switching Packet switching is used to optimize the use of the channel capacity available in digi tal telecommunication networks such as computer networks, to minimize the transmission latency, the time it takes for data to pass across the network. It is also used to increase robustness of communication. These layers are introduced to break down the complexity of communications.The top layer (layer 7) is the layer at user level. As the layers go down, they get increasingly primitive. bottom is most primitive from as it is just binary numbers prepared to be transmit to the end node. septet layers of open systems interconnection models are shown in table 17 Layer topic Name Description 1 Pysical Layer Deals with physical connection between nodes in network. 2 Data Link Layer Maintaining and optimising actual connection. 3 Network Layer Deals with communication of data on a network. 4 Transportation Layer Sequencing, error detection and optimisation of communication. 5 school term Layer Controls the communication between applications running on end nodes. 6 Presentation La yer Format data and provides syntaxes for application. 7 Application Layer Contains management functions. Table 1 Layers of open systems interconnection model Every packet contain some control information in its header, which is required for routing and other purposes. Figure 8 Packet data format Initially, transmission time decreases as packet size is reduced. But, as packet size is reduced and the payload part of a packet becomes comparable to the control part, transmission time increases.Figure 9 Variation of transmission time with packet size. As packet size is decreased, the transmission time reduces until it is comparable to the size of control information. There is a close relationship between packet size and transmission time as shown in Figure 9. In this case it is assumed that there is a virtual circuit from station X to Y through nodes a and b. Times required for transmission decreases as each message is divided into 2 and 5 packets. However, the transmission time incre ases if each message is divided into 10 packets9.The packet switched networks allow any soldiery to send data to any other host without reserving the circuit. Multiple paths between a pair of sender and receiver may exist in a packet switched network. One path is selected between source and destination. Whenever the sender has data to send, it converts them into packets and send them to next computer or router. The router stores this packet till the output line is free. Then, this packet is transferred to next computer or router (called as hop). This way, it moves to the destination hop by hop. All the packets belonging to a transmission may or may not take the same route.The route of a packet is decided by network layer protocols. As we know there are two approaches for packet switching which are 1. Datagram switching, 2. Virtual circuit swtiching. 1. Datagram Switching Each packet is routed independently through network which is also called connectionless packet-switching. Datag ram packet switching sends each packet along the path that is optimal at the time the packet is sent. When a packet traverses the network each intermediate station will need to determine the next hop. Routers in the internet are packet switches that operate in datagraam mode.Each packet may travel by a different path. Each different path will have a different total transmission delay (the number of hops in the path may be different, and the delay across each hop may change for different routes). Therefore, it is possible for the packets to arrive at the destination in a different order from the order in which they were sent10. Figure 10 Datagram packet switching Figure 11 Delay in datagram packet switching There are three primary types of datagram packet switches * Store and forward Buffers data until the entire packet is received and canvas for errors.This prevents corrupted packets from propagating throughout the network but increases switching delay. * Fragment free Filters out most error packets but doesnt necessarily prevent the extension service of errors throughout the network. It offers faster switching speeds and lower delay than store-and-forward mode. * Cut through Does not filter errors it switches packets at the highest throughput, offering the least forwarding delay. 2. Virtual Circuit Switching Virtual circuit packet switching (VC-switching) is a packet switching technique which merges datagram packet switching and circuit switching to extract both of their advantages.VC switching is a variation of datagram packet switching where packets flow on so-called logical circuits for which no physical resources like frequencies or time slots are allocated shown in Figure 12. Each packet carries a circuit identifier, which is local to a link and updated by each switch on the path of the packet from its source to its destination10. A virtual circuit is defined by the sequence of the mappings between a link taken by packets and the circuit identifier pac kets carry on this link. In VC-switching, routing is performed at circuit establishment time to keep packet forwarding fast.Other advantages of VC-switching take the traffic engineering capability of circuit switching, and the resources usage efficiency of datagram packet switching. Nevertheless, a main issue of VC-Switched networks is the behavior on a network topology change. As opposed to Datagram Packet Switched networks which automatically recompute routing tables on a topology change like a link failure, in VC-switching all virtual circuits that pass through a failed link are interrupted. Hence, rerouting in VC-switching relies on traffic engineering techniques6.Figure 12 Virtual circuit packet switching Figure 13 Delay on packets in virtual-packet switching 5) industriousness OF CIRCUIT AND PACKET SWITCHING Circuit Switching 1. Plain rare Telephone Service (POTS) The plain old telephone system (POTS) is the largest circuit switched network. The originalGSMnetwork is also circuit switched. Prior to the existence of new types of networks, all communication systems had to be built based on the actual telecommunications facilities, which were largely oriented to what the common carriers refer to as plain old telephone service, known as POTS.Consequently, even today, in order to use POTS for data communications, it is necessary to use a modem to convert the data to a form suitable for voice-transmission media. The data transmission rate that can be obtained over a POTS connection is typically less than 64 Kbps. These rank are adequate for text and audio transmission. However, they are not suf? cient for good quality video transmission in real-time. 2. Switched 56 Service Switched 56 service is a dial-up digital service provided by local and long distance telephone companies. For a connection, a data service unit/data channel unit (DSU/CSU) is used instead of a modem.Switched 56 service uses a 64 Kbps channel, but one bit per byte is used for band signa ling, leaving 56 Kbps for data. This service allows the transmission of information over one or two twisted cable pairs to multiple points at a data rate of 56 Kpbs. 3. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) The ISDN was designed in the 1980s to offer end-to-end digital connectivity, while providing the required QoS with data rates in the range of Kbps to Mbps over switched connections. In order to provide even higher data rates, the original ISDN was extended to broadband ISDN (BISDN) (Martin, 1985).The ISDN services are provided to users as ISDN interfaces, each comprising a number of ISDN channels. Using 64-Kbps channels, called bearer or B channels, ISDN provides access to the digital network. ISDN provides lower error rate compared to typical voiceband modems and a relatively high bandwidth data channel11. Packet Switching 1. VOIP It is becoming increasingly accepted to transmit delay sensitive data through a packet switched network (rather than circuit switched). There are protocols that can create a just about real-time environment which, for voice conversations, is sufficient.Voice over IP is essentially a voice signal encoded into a digital format, being sent through a packet switched network (or possibly any other network) using the Internet Protocol (IP). Over recent years there have been standards developed and supported by major companies including ITU-T H. 323. VOIP has a long way to evolve before it is used as widespread as circuit switched networks, but it is well on its way. 2. IPv6 The current protocol that is employed close to everywhere IP (IPv4) has come to the end of its useful life. This is mainly because it has run out of addresses to uniquely identify every non-private computer in the world.IPv6 has been deigned to be more efficient than IPv4 and solve the addressing problems that we face at present. Ipv6 will use 128 bits to address nodes, which provides 2128possibilities (roughly3. 4? 1038). It will incorporate a special weft mechanism to store optional headers in the transport layer (to maximize efficiency by reducing required space). Finally, Ipv6 will have support for resource allocation, allowing packets to be part of a traffic flow which will provide better communication of data such as video/voice streams VOIP. 6) CONCLUSION In large networks there might be multiple pathslinking sender and receiver.Information may be switched as it travels through variant communication channels. Data networks can be classified as using circuit-switching or packet-switching. Packet switching, which forms the basis of the Internet, is a form of statistical multiplexing in which senders divide messages into small packets. The switching centers receive the control signals, messages or conversations and forwards to the required destination, after necessary modification link amplification if necessary. In computer communication, the switching technique used is known as packet switching or message switch (store and forw ard switching).In telephone network the switching method used is called circuit switching. Circuit switchingis a technique that directly connects the sender and the receiver in anunbroken path. In the modern and fast paced world, what we are looking for is efficiency, low costs and reliability and packet-switched networks seems to fulfill most of the criteria that the society is looking for. It would only be a matter of time before circuit switching becomes a topic of the past. 7) REFERENCES 1 Stallings, W. , Data and Computer Communications, 7th ed. 1999, Upper Saddle River, NJ learner Hall. 2 Notes. com, C.What is Switching. Available from http//ecomputernotes. com/computernetworkingnotes/computer-network/what-is-switching. 3 ABC, T. , Circuit Switching. 2005. 4 Jia, S. and G. Wang. Network performance analysis of packet-switching Csup3/sup system. in TENCON 89. Fourth IEEE Region 10 world-wide Conference. 1989. 5 Wikipedia, Packet Switching, 2012, Wikipedia. 6 Torlak, P. M. , Telecommunication Switching and Transmission. Packet Switching and Computer Networks UTD. 7 Heng Zheng Hann, C. Y. Y. , Fareezul Asyraf, Farhana Binti Mohamad, Fong Poh Yeee, Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching, C.Y. Y. Heng Zheng Hann, Fareezul Asyraf, Farhana Binti Mohamad, Fong Poh Yeee, Editor, Wikibooks. 8 Gebali, F. , Analysisof Computer and Communication. Switches and Routers2008, New York, USA Springer. 9 Kharagpur, I. , Switching Techniques Circuit Switching, CSE. 10 Notes. com, C. Datagram Packet vs. Virtual Packet. Available from http//ecomputernotes. com/computernetworkingnotes/switching/distinguish-between-datagram-packet-switching-and-virtual-circuit-switching. 11 Dr. Farid Farahmand, D. Q. Z. , Circuit Switching. 2007.

Coffee and Starbucks Essay

Walk several blocks in almost any city in America and youll pass at least one Starbucks, if non more. And the same is true for most cities outside of the United States. The Starbucks empire has giving to 6,000 U.S. outlets and about 2,500 international locations.For some consumers, Starbucks is an obsession, and they just cant dispirit their day without their cup of Starbucks coffee In addition, while years agone people used to hang out at the corner confect store, today many people spend considerable time at their local Starbucks. They drink coffee, tea, and/or other specialty beverages, they bring their laptop computer and wirelessly connect to the Internet, they meet friends to chat, or they meet business associates to make deals. Is thither anyone in America, at least old enough to be in kindergarten, who doesnt know what Starbucks is? QuestionsSince everybody knows Starbucks, answer the following fountainheads in the Indian context. For example, against question 1 below vi ew the mortal as an India and in rejoinder to question 4, identify an Indian celebrity. Some search on the profit about Starbucks and what its brand imagery stands for would help you with your answers.1. If Starbucks was a person, describe the person in terms of demographics, personality, and lifestyle characteristics 2. If Starbucks was an animal, which animal would it be, and why? 3. If Starbucks was a color, which color would it be, and why? 4. If Starbucks was a celebrity (e.g., a sports figure, a movie or TV star), which celebrity would it be, and why? And why was your choice male or female?

Arthur Birling and inspector goole Essay

  Priestley studys this in the section afterwards the quizzer has left I remember what he said, how he looked, how he make me feel. Fire and blood and anguish. This shows the affect that he had on certain tones was truly big. In his closing speech the quizzer left with a process of monition And I tell that the time will soon come when, if work force will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish. This could be referring to the first world war, where men from any different backgrounds, and classes, would deal to stand together, as equals, and fight for their country.This contradicts Mr circumvolves prediction at the start of Act 1 Just because the Kaiser makes a few speeches The Germans dont want war. Nobody wants war, This shows the difference between the philosophies of the Inspector and birling, it also demonstrates Priestleys idea that Mr Birlings capitalistic views are wrong, and how the Inspector, who is right about war , is probably right about eachthing else. Priestley uses this to show the benefits a socialist society would bring to the world.Priestley is suggesting that Birlings every man for himself idea will end in tragedies like Eva. Whereas the Inspectors Philosophy of shared responsibility would avoid such grievous events. The experience of the Inspectors questions changes some characters, nevertheless has no substance on others. It starts off with all of the family sitting down feeling no guilt whatsoever, but after the Inspector comes Eric and Sheila realise the seriousness of what they have done, whilst the others, at this foreland believing it is a practical joke, feel no guilt.What Mr and Mrs Birling and Gerald didnt seem to understand is that even if it wasnt the similar girl (and no one was sure if it was or not) that they still did these uncouth actions, and millions of other people do similar things without knowing the consequences, many modern men and women will come to a similar end. Another point to the structure of the play is that the inspector only reveals small parts of Evas story to certain characters, never letting much than than one soulfulness see the photograph at once.This gives the twist at the end more mystery. The Inspector stirred different characters differently, depending on how much they understand what was exhalation on in the world at that point in time. Mr Birling was affected slightly at the start, but being a light character, and because of his wifes superior class always follows her breath. Therefore after watching his wifes interrogation, and seeing the way she refused to give in to the Inspector, and not feel illegal about what she has done, he follows suit.He and Mrs Birling were the least affected characters, in the end, possibly because they didnt understand what bearing would have been like for Eva Smith without all the things they did to her. Gerald felt very discredited at first, because he had feelings fo r her, but then he went for a head and didnt feel as guilty anymore. This is probably because Gerald has grown up used to money, and inherited his parents capitalist views. Eric and Sheila were close to affected by the Inspector, especially his final words, this is shown when Sheila repeats them Fire and blood and aguish. Sheila and Eric understand most about what goes on in the world, this is demonstrated early on but what about war? and when Sheila knows about Erics drinking problem. They understand more that this sort of thing can happen to people, and these small actions can lead people to commit suicide, this is probably why the inspector affected them more. by and by watching the play, the audience can interpret the character of Inspector Goole in many different ways. You could think of him just as a normal man, who, having heard of the Birling familys selfish acts, wishes to help them change for the better.Or he could be a conscience to make them feel guilty about what theyve done, and stop distancing themselves from the working class. He could also be the subtlety of Eva Smith in another form to make them pay for what theyve done. His byname also indicates this as it is a homonym of ghoul, another word for ghost. I dissolve that Birling represents the views of capitalists and the inspector represents the views of socialists. Priestley makes Birling a weak, unintelligent, ignorant and Selfish character who rambles on a bit and desperate to fit in with the high class that he follows his wifes lead.Sybil seems to guide her husband, Telling him what he should or shouldnt say, this is made evident when she disapproves with him saying Good dinner too Sybil tell cook for me. Mrs Birling would disapprove because saying what effectual food it was, wasnt considered a polite thing because it is like seek for compliments from Gerald. She doesnt like him saying tell cook for me because it implies they smatter to their servants, which wouldnt have be en done in those days. Birling also copies Geralds fathers (his social superior) choice of wine, to make Gerald think that he is marrying into a family with as much money as his.In contrast, Priestley makes the inspector appear as a mortal who speaks carefully, is intelligent, knows what is going on in the world, is very strong and comes across as a kinder, selfless person Priestley uses this to make the audience think that a socialist society will provide a fairer, more just solution to the worlds problems.

Libraire Gallimard Essay

With flock nowadays trying find the meaning of their existence and the trustworthy way to live, wizard can understand why on that point would be confusion among the members of fraternity since there will, inevitably, exist differences and approaches on how to find the coiffures hotshot is looking for. Yet we t destroy to inhume the basics and focus on the outside, on the universe and let some other people dictate how we atomic number 18 supposed to live our lives and who we are supposed to be. I, on the other hand, imagine that existentialism is the only way to truly live ones deportment.To live is to hold the reigns and refuse to let other people fructify how you must act. Quoting one of the passages from the book by Albert Camus entitled The Stranger With cobblers last so near, Mother must have felt like individual on the brink of freedom, ready to start vitality all everywhere again. No one, no one in the world had any justifiedly to weep for her. And I, too, f elt ready to start life all over again. It was as if that great rush of anger had washed me clean, emptied me of hope, and, gazing up at the dark sky spangled with its signs and stars, for the firsttime, the first, I laid my boldness open to the benign indifference of the universe. To feel it so like myself, indeed, so brotherly, made me realize that Id been happy, and that I was happy still. The supporter in the novel clearly demonstrates the basic idea of existentialismwhere piece is free and is the author of his life and his decisions help shape his destiny, personality and where his life will lead him a man who is free also asserts himself and does non conform and is against totality or the collectivity or any unravelency to depersonalization. (Copleston 22). The helper, in the end, realized the indifference of the cosmos and accepted the accompaniment that in the end, there is no meaning and letting ones care (for how other people see him) control him entraps him in the label that is unhappy when in fact he was happy all along. With these tendencies, it is not surprising that individuals themselves forget how to live and concentrate on pleasing others by living by the terms that are imposed by other people.In the novel, The Stranger, the sensation was on trial for the murder of a manwhat condemned him in the end was not the murder itself however for the fact that he refused to show sorrow at his mothers wake, which is absurd. Yet, if we think about it, in principle, those situations tend to happen, from simple gossip of ordinary people to the accusations hurled by powerful figures in the government.People tend to set a definition of good or evil, what is socially acceptable and what is not the tendency is that people are detain by these set definitions whereas in the total schema of things, life and the world itself is meaningless. There is no real definition since definition itself is manmade. In the end, the adept realized that he was happy and he was free despite the fact that other people have defined him as a stony murderer and an indifferent son.Most of us tend to take into servant how other people see us how we fit in our society and refuse to be ostracized and be different example is the wake of the protagonists mother in the novel. In a wake of a loved one, one is expected to show remorse. If one fails to do so, one is automatically branded negatively. If one would let go of these cares and live life according to their definition, one can be happier and can truly live.What is contentment or being alive for us will and must be defined by none other than ourselves for if we let other people set the standards for happiness and living, it is not our happiness and life but theirs. Of course, one must never see existentialism as an vindication to murder a man or commit a hurtone should always remember that even if existentialists would live life by their own definitions, these people are still principled people and answer to themselves.Works CitedCamus, Albert. The Stranger. France Libraire Gallimard, 1943. Copleston, F. C. Existentialism. Philosophy Vol. 23, (1948) 19-37.

Explain why it is important for marketers to understand the concept of branding Essay

Introduction. It is coercive for grocery storeers to bring in the concept of targeting as it is the plow which resulting point and recognize a associations reaping or service from the competition ( wholesaler, 2010). In our developed scrimping the competition and the tin is so intense that it is fundamental to build a close carnal knowledgeship with both consumers and customers. That is what a send does. Jobber (2010) defines a strike out as a distinctive overlap offering created by the use of a name, attri thoe, design, packaging, or many combination of these intended to differentiate it from the competitors.Brands profess consumers perceptions and preferences, a snitch is a eccentric documentation and it creates impudence and loyalty. Trough this essay we entrust explore why blade is important for marketers however if likewise why it is important for consumers, we allow for so take in context the comp iodinnts of a difficult grunge and how to re spect it. Fin eithery we allow substantiate a heart at the stake stretching strategy and its benefits and disadvantages . This essay will draw upon case from the popping market.Content. The American Marketing Association (AMA) defines a reproach as name, team, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identify the goods and service of one seller or assembly of seller and to differentiate them from the otherwise sellers. Firstly, soils are now recognised as a key plus for a company and having a rugged smear will in the end add prise to it by giving a program on which to build a reputation.For example, the stock market value of the Coca- booby company was approximately $136 billion in the beginning of 2008 and by the end of the year, in break of the global financial crisis, it remained close to 140 billion enchantment the shekels asset value of the business was altogether $11,8 billion (Brands and stigmaing). A brand in addition, will atten d to the company to attract more investors because the gamy value means the company is successful and reliable.Secondly, marketers should also try to take consumer behaviour and therefore how a strong brand will venture consumer perceptions and preferences and ultimately the customers purchasing decision. To highlight this concept. The following consumer examination example is referenced Two matched samples of consumers were asked to taste Diet shock, the market drawing card in diet soda drinks, and Diet pepsi. The beginning group tasted the drinks cover and were asked to state a preference. The procedure was repeated for the second group, except that the test was with the recognisable brand.(Jobber,2010). The findings from the test made for interesting results Of the 100 or so test subjects who were blindfolded, 51 of them preferred the Diet Pepsi and 44 the Diet Coke ( 5 person did not find any difference) but for the group where the brand were identifiable, only 23 test s ubjects preferred the Diet Pepsi and 65 Diet Cola. This findings clearly demonstrated the level of influence a strong brand name could aim on customer perception of a product and therefore the final purchasing decision.In methodicalness to succeed, marketers make to understand the concept of branding to feel the competition (Marketing Theory). impudently entrants in a market such(prenominal) as the cola soda market would have to compete with the almost far-famed red can in the world and the fall through of the Cola drink, Coca-Cola. Besides, this is what happened to Virgin Coke who failed to break Coca-Colas domination (Jobber,2010),for the reason that Coca-Cola inspires trust and let the customer shop with pl go on because he knows that a can of Coke will satisfy his desires.In addition, it will embraced the competition by making the distribution easier for the brand and more difficult for the entrants. Marketers have to recognise that a strong brand will directly and bene ficially affect company profit, hence a reasoned investment is often made into the branding process. A strong brand will achieve, distribution more readily and will realise economies of scale, fall the costs of production and distribution (Jobber,2010).In addition, a brand will generate customer loyalty to a product with customers returning to a brand they trust (Brands and stigmatisation) and customers who trust a brand will be less price sensitive because of a faith that a incident brand offers an expected level of quality and results, in short a grant brand can charge at a premium price . Finally a strong brand not only lends to customer loyalty but it also lends as a platform for brand extension (Jobber,2010). A brand extension is a brand strategy that consist of using the open up brand name to throw a new product (Journal of Marketing).Strong brands enjoyed having impact on customers perceptions and an all-inclusive product will benefit from it. For example, the Diet Co ke, Coke Zero, Cherry blow have all stemmed from the strong Coca-Cola umbrella brand and all have successfully been launched in the soda drink marke as a result. Consequently branding is important for marketers because it will make easier for a company to introduce a new product on the back of an established one therefore securing and growing company profit in price of strong sales forged through and through customer familiarity and trust.Thus, for the reason verbalise so far we have stick with to understand why it is imperative for marketers to understand the concept of branding but what are the components of a strong brand? How can we assess a brand? The Brand justness and brand lineing must(prenominal) be taken in consideration as well. It is important to know that branding is not only most attracting new customers, thanks to a recognisable logo or a great fallising campaign but it is also nigh organism known as the only and legitimate choice. In the talent drink market for example, with a plethora of product on offer such as Monster, Relentless, Rockstars ,etc. cherry-red Bull is seen as the only one that give go, the starp-line is globaly recognised and trigger-happy Bull has been seen for years as the only vodka social for european teenagers (marketingmagazine. co. uk). Hence branding is important for a company because an established brand and the products that fall within it, will have enjoy a sustainable market extended product biography cycle. The Coca-Cola soft drink has been sold since 1895 for example. (thecoca-colacompany. com) Brands needs customers but customers needs brands as well. In developed economies consumers, have a massive image of choice.thitherfore, a good brand should in reality represents a cutting edge in design or technology, a high standard of quality which will be what consumers loyalty influenced by (Brands and stigmatization). The brand, with its recognisable name or packaging, is making a promise that consumer s expectations will be well-off (Brand and Branding) so it allows the consumer to shop with confidence and it acts as a guide through a intense variety of choice. Another human facet to this, is consumer identity consumers look to sure brands as a way of projecting a certain(prenominal) painting to others in society and brands play an important role in this.Using brands in this way, consumers carve out an identity for themselves which differentiates them in whatever way to others around them. This behaviour is strongly recognised for example by the luxury goods market. This industry serves to satisfy a consumer desire to project a certain sense of taste, wealth or fashion savy. For example, quite a little who desire to identify themselves to a certain economical class may remove to purchase a car from a premium brand similar Mercedes, Audi, BMW, etc. ) or perhaps consumers who wish to portray a certain environmental awareness may choose to purchase an hybrid car.Branding positioning is about creating a unique and distinctive niche in the market place (Jobber, 2010). For an existing brand, the brand position will be defined by the brands strengths and weaknesses from a customer perspective vis a vis the competition (Holmereport. com) but for a brand building it will be the process by which you will enter in peoples thinker (brandstrategyinsider. com). In order to succeed in positioning, brands needs to show clarity, consistency, war-riddenness and credibility.Rita Clifton argues in Brands and Branding (2009) that in an over communicated world, lack of clarity will substantially drop effectiveness and efficiency. During the last decade Red red cent suffered from a lack of clarity. Red Bull give you wings certainly but is it good for me? Why? When should I drink it? (marketingmagazine. co. uk). Nevertheless, even if the beverage must have faced some serious criticises about the ingredients contained that have been followed sometimes by the radiati on of the can in some countries ( France finally capitulated in 2008, Lexpansion.com) , Red Bull has successfully engendered credibility through different strategies such as stretching. The three times victory of Red Bull hie in F1 and the more recent Red pig Stratos stunt has build a consequent reputation and credibility. We can assess the position of a brand trough six elements the brand demesne, the brand heritage, the brand determine, the brand assets, the brand personality and the brand reflection (Jobber,2010). The examination of those six elements will ultimately help increase the brand performance. By examining the brand domain you will know if the brand is efficient in the market in which it competes .For example, Red bull has three strong position. The Energy drink for total sports people, the energy drink and the drink as a spirit mixer (marketingmagazine. co. uk). Then the Brand heritage and the following four element are about creating clear advantages for the tar get consumers (Jobber,2010). So brand heritage is about the historical background of a brand. a brand which has been aroun for a while shows sustainability, reliability and a guarantee quality. This can be utilize in advertisement (Jobber,2010) or on the packaging. On the other hand, brand values is what represent and characterise your brand.Red bull give you wings. It gives you wings because you will be awake all night and you wont feel tired at all, giving you confidence to achieve what you have never done before. In analysing your brand asset you will flier what differentiate you from the competition. This can be a logo, a design, a symbol, an image, a philosophy or an event (Jobber,2010). At the twinkling someone turn to about a can of Red Bull you will mechanically think about two bulls on a silver and unsanctified can or you will think about your previous troupe or at a man skydiving from the space.Red bull exceeded the competition by consolidating its image of a confide nt dynamic and ripe brand. An other element of the framework is the brand personality. If the brand Red bull was a person who would it be? Surely a dynamic and adventuresome indivudual who wants to discover the world. Finally, the brand reflection is how the brand relates to self identity (jobber, 2010). As we have seen earlier some people would purchase a Toyota Prius to identify themselves as ecologically aware.By assessing your brand with those six elements, the brand four-in-hand will have an overlook of the situation and it will give him clues to face some issues or to repositioned the brand. The brand truth is the value of the brand from customers perceptions of it. There are two kind of brand equity The customer-based brand equity and the proprietary-based brand equity. The first kind is entirely about the customers perception of the brand and the brand awareness and the brand image are two effectors of it. Jobber ( 2010) assumes that awareness is a pre-condition of evalua ting a brand.By raising this awareness customers will go shopping in favour of a brand, they wont go shopping to get a denim pants but to purchase a Levis pants for example. Brand awareness is also useful for low-involvement purchasing situations purchases becoming habitual after a first satisfied experience with no research of information about the product because a relationship is already established. By change magnitude brand image through the marketing mix (Jobber,2010) you will consolidate your customer-based brand equity. The most common way to do this is by advertisement.A great advert from a brand will stay in customers mind by touching him emotionally or by delivering a clear message. Ultimately an association is created between the brand and the customers that will affect the purchasing. Lets remember the test with Diet Pepsi and Diet Cola. We could say that Diet Cola (Coca Cola) profit of a better brand equity than Diet Pepsi (Pepsi) because when the brand was known a p reference was made toward a particular brand. On the other hand, proprietary-based brand equity is more about the attributes of a company to deliver value to the brand (Jobber,2010).It can be by its dexterity to distribute the brand, for exemple Mc Donalds which is the fourth most powerful brand in the world (wallstcheatsheet. com) sell official drinks from the Coca-Cola brand product line ( Fanta, Sprite, clear Maid, Diet Coke, Coke). It can also be by the patents of a company. For example new technology (Dyson), new pharmaceutical products all have a strong proprietary based equity resulting from an original patent. Tom Blacket in Brand and Branding wrote Brands with strong equity embed themselves deeply in the hearts and mind of consumers.Consequently, a strong customer-based brand equity or a strong proprietary-based brand equity will increase the brand equity so it will help the brand to keep its position in the market and new entrants will struggle to defeat it. Moreover, the value of the brand will attracting more investors,consumers and solicitations. To conclude this essay we could have a look at a brand strategy such as brand stretching. A brand stretching occurs when a brand is used on a unrelated market (Jobber,2010). In terms of brand stretching, the Red Bull company is probably one of the best in this strategy.From the energy drinks to Formule 1 with the acquisition of Jaguar racing in 2005 recalled Red Bull Racing, passing by the football world with the purchase of the New York MetroStars in 2006 (renamed New York Red Bull) and the SV Austria Salzburg in 2005 (FC Red Bull Salzburg) or with the creation of Red Bull Records in 2007. We will focused on the most recent and very successful stretching of the brand Red Bull Stratos. If you have an internet connection and if you are living in our contemporary world you must have heard or seen it ( 8 million live views on Youtube).In rare interview that Mateschitz, founder of Red Bull, has accorded he s tated We dont bring the product to the people, we bring people to the product. We make it available and those who love our style come to us(thedrum. co. uk). With Stratos, Red Bull has demonstrated the brands famous link with extreme sport and innovation but it has more importantly created the buzz of the last decade and revolutionized the purpose of a brand and the relation between it and the customers. Red Bull Stratos has become an I was there moment(campaignlive. com).With all those stretching strategies Red Bull could have lost in credibility, make itself a bad publicity or got cannibalized but its all the contrary that occurred. Its reputation has been consolidated and it has promoted its cans very well. It has also improved the trust toward the brand. Summary. A closed trusted relationship will be created only if there is quality. This relationship will consolidate customers perceptions about the brand increasing loyalty and then the revenues. It is imperative to position y our brand efficiently in order to successfully reach your target market .Therefore you will need to deliver a clear and consistent message, be competitive and have credibility. You can assess the strength or weakness of your brand by analysing its domain, its heritage, its values, its assets, its personality and its reflection. In improving it you will raise some brand equity that can be customer-based or proprietary based. By increasing your brand equity you will stay in peoples mind for long time and be able to face efficiently the competition. Conclusion. The success of branding resides in the importance that you have for consumers and in the process of creating and managing a brand.Having a strong brand will help you to face the competition, to introduce new product and to make profit. A brand also help the customers to choice between a wide range of offers and to identify themselves. In order to success you must conquer consumers mind to gain their loyalty by promising that the ir desires will be satisfied. Branding is all about trust. Last but not least, companies need to understand that a brand should be taken such as an investment and not a cost. Red Bull spend 30 to 40% of its revenue in marketing (marketing magazine).

Gathering Blue Essay Essay

Kira is a miss with a wrestle leg who lives in a more primitive society where concourse who cannot work, die. She has been kept alive by her mother, and when her mother dies, Kira is brought before the Council of Guardians. Kiras bearing is spared when she proves she can weave very well, and she is assigned to the task of fixing up the clothe worn by the chanter whose only job is to sing the story of human civilization once a year. She meets Thomas, the boy whose avocation is to carve the Singers staff. When finding out she needs to discolor her own thread, Kira begins making a trip to the hut of Annabella, an old woman who teaches Kira dyeing. Annabella shows her the plants needed to make every color, except for blue.Kira slowly learns that her life is little than idyllic. She hears crying in her building, and she and Thomas discover another strip lady friend whose ability is to sing and will eventually replace the current Singer. The orphan girl is scolded and punished i f she does not sing Kira befriends her but realizes she, Thomas, and the orphan girl do not have as much freedom as thought. At the Ceremony, she sees the Singer (whose robe she is fixing). She realizes that his feet are chained, and he is es directially a prisoner. The implication is that she and the others with gifts are also prisoners. Kira is also friends with a boy named planeness. He tells Kira of a settlement he once came across while helpless in the woods. This village had blue. When the day that the Singer sings his song comes, Matt is nowhere to be found. He eventually returns with a blind man from the village in a blue shirt. The man, it turns out, is the set about whom Kira thought was dead Christopher.He now lives in a community made up of wound and disabled people who help one another. Christopher has enemies on the council and is forced to return. Kira decides to taking into custody in the village to continue to mend the singers robe and help improve the society she lives in. Eventually, close to the end of the book Matt tells Kira about a boy with blue eyes from the community her daddy is from. He says he has blue eyes and is not injured in any way. He thinks Kira should get married with him, but Kira declines. That boy is ulterior revealed to be Jonas from The Giver,a book also by Lowry.CharactersKira a three-year-old girl with a twisted leg and gifted in interweave She is the protagonist of the novelVandara an evil enemy of Kiras she requests that Kira be sent to the field to dieAnnabella an elderly woman who teaches Kira about dyesThomas Kiras friend, a young man gifted in wood carvingsJo a toddler girl gifted in singingMatt a young boy who helps Kira, Thomas, and ( afterwards) ChristopherJamison an older man, Kiras sponsor and mentor from the Council of Guardians later found to be the man who attempted to kill Christopher.Christopher Kiras fatherKatrina Kiras MotherBranch Matts dog

How the arts relate Essay

The arts argon inter-related because they rely and concomitant ace another. It will be absurd for any of the arts to prevail alone. They are all inextricably linked- for example, stooge anyone bounce without euphony? The sincere answer to this is no. Music gives direction to leap. In other words, medicinal drug inspires the movement involved in saltation. The dance travel are in line with the rhythm of the music. Dance is performed in theatres before live audiences or recorded on lead so that the people who are not present can view the deed later. Theatre is a particular(a) face to face type of communication with a limited audience.However, when takes in the theatre are placed on look at, the audience is broadened. Relationship betwixt dance and music Dance involves a cud of body movement. much of this body movement in dance involves the use of motley split of the human body. These various body movements need to be properly make in order to have an effect on a theatrical transaction audience. Highlights this point when they write that, The dramatic effectiveness of a dance, however, invariably depends on myriad factors-movement dynamics of body parts and torso, movement in space, kettle of fish on stage, direction of focus, use of weight, muscle tension, and so on (2).As a performance, dance is frequently creative and novel. When dance fulfils these attributes, it sparks interest in the minds of the audience. These audiences can either be at home or live. choke performances are frequently held in theatres while recordings on film incubate the experience to people who were not present at the time. Dance is often directed by choreographers, while music is written by composers. oer the years, the work of these 2 groups (choreographers and composers) has been studies in order to unearth the innate relationships betwixt the two.In their analysis of choreographers and composers, Joseph B. Rovan, Robert Wechsler and Frieder Weiss find t hat, In the past, traditional models of collaboration in the midst of composers and choreographers have subjugated either dance or music, or sidestepped the misgiving al together by removing all correlation amongst movement and sound. one that avoids this conflict entirely by making the work of choreographer and composer interdependent quite a than dependent fused instead of segregated (5). The fusion among dance and music which Joseph B.Rovan, Robert Wechsler and Frieder Weiss state above is also reiterated in computer animations. In the real world music and dance are complimentary. Thus in animations as well, these two forms of art stick together. It is absurd to hear of mortal who dances amidst silence, instead of taking step and making body movements according to music playing in the background. Takaaki Shiratori, Atsushi Nakazawa and Katsushi Ikeuchi present an amazing analogy of the relationship amidst music and dance when they write that, The ability to dance to music is a natural born skill for a human.Everyone has experienced a longing to move their bodies while listening to a rhythmic song. Hip-hop dancers can simultaneously compose a dance motion to the musical sounds they are listening to. Considering this ability, we are led to believe that dance motion has hearty connections with music, (1). Naturally, music moves people to dance. It is often difficult to ignore music specially when it is interesting. Over the years and across many cultures in the world dance steps have evolved according to various types of music.In many places dance schools are set up and certain pieces of music and dance steps have become very popular across the world. Relationship between theatre and film The similarities and differences between theatre and film have been a subject among scholars for a while. According to Susan Sontag, there was a need to ensure, the maintaining and clarifying of barriers between the arts (256). Toward this end Susan Sontag embarked on the task of unearthing the relationship between theatre and film.In a bid to accomplish this task, she raised questions which were meant to challenge, unbridge able-bodied division, even opposition between the two arts (249). However, it is important to disgrace that Susan Sontag was limited by the realities that were present when she undertook the study. A pack has changed since then. Agreed, theatre and film have a lot of similarities and differences but they often go together in many ways. For example, in marketing of artistic returns, theatre disaster office gross sales are an important source of revenue. Apart from this source, sales of recorded copies of the production too bring in a lot of money.This analogy raises the question whether there can be a battle between theatres and film for audiences? In truth there can be a struggle especially when managers and producers do not manage the two effectively. Usually, in marketing, theatre and film complement individually other. In theatre, the performance is live, thus there is an intimacy between the performance and the audience. However, in film, the performance is recorded, thus there is no direct connection with the audience. With film, producers are able to include certain effects which may not be realistic on a theatrical stage.While live performance in theatres has its advantages, recorded performances too are beneficial in various ways. In this way both theatre and film are complementary. The complementary temperament of theatre and film is highlighted when Ralph Hammerthaler talks about the concept of the theatre movie. He writes that, If there is a wind in the theatre of the 1990s, then it is the trend to the theatre movie. According to him the concept of theatre film encourages the incorporation of various forms of art into film such as music films, filmed plays, etc.Apart from the fact that theatre is a recorded performance, it uses a lot of devices and techniques that are used in film production such as sound sink in, rhythm, fade overs, clips, etc. The relationship between dance, music film and theatre Music is inevitable in film and theatre because it is often used as sound track. Sound tracks have special moment in film and theatrical productions because they heighten the mood. Depending on the sound track used, the audience can feel a sense of shame, fear, pity or suspense. Furthermore, Simon Frith adds that music structures time in film productions.Music performs the same take to the woods in theatre as well. Dance on the other give-up the ghost is often accompanied by music and performed on stage or recorded for a wider audience. Conclusion The arts are inextricably related- each plays an important part in order to yield a alimental result. Due to this reason, none of the arts can stand alone. It will be absurd to dance without music and where will music and drama be performed if not in a theatre? Furthermore, what happens when other people also the audiences in theatres are interested in viewing a production? They definitely join the larger body of audiences by viewing the production on film.