Were the Republicans Hypocrites? :: essays research papers

Daniel Webster defines a Hypocrite as a person who puts on a false appearance of virtue or religionA Democratic-Republican opposes a strong central government with most power assigned to the states, horse parsley Hamiltons economic policies, advocates a liberal agrarian democracy, a foreign policy favoring the French Revolution while also appealing to poor townsfolk.Both Mr. Jefferson and I were firm believers of Republican ideals, but under the circumstances, we had to adapt to the issues that affected our presidencies.Many people believe that Thomas Jeffersons desire to acquire land exceeded executive director powers established under the constitution. However, the United States is a growing nation, and I experienced this growth as secretary of state for Mr. Jefferosn. This chart represents the population of the United States from when the premier(prenominal) census was preformed until the projected numbers for the 1820 census. As you can plainly see, the number of people in the United States is growing by 2-2.5 million people per decade. there is not enough land to support these numbers, but buying the Louisiana Purchase added plenty of space for our nation to continue growing. Population density will be at a low for the time beingness thanks to westward expansion. The Louisiana Purchase will also add to our agrarian economy, which is back up by Republicans. As secretary of state to President Jefferson, I realized the importance of Tripolian conflict, and applied them to my presidency as I handled the War of 1812. The Algerian corsairs captured 119 American merchantmen, held them captive for over 12 years, beat them regularly, were fed near-starvation rations, and were forced to work hard labor. These were American citizens waiting to be liberated. What was Jefferson to do sit back and insure these innocent civilians die, and pay an extreme ransom for their freedom? 31 hostages had already died in captivity, and you think Jefferson should have let the Pasha of Tripoli get international with these murders? Any president under these circumstances would have done the same thing Jefferson did these acts were humiliating to the United States. The War of 1812 was similar to Jeffersons Barbary conflict. American sailors were being impressed by England. The Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States House of Representatives stated in their report, The non-intercourse and non-importation laws, which invited the return of both powers to their former state of favorable relations, by offering

Bretton Woods vs. Protest †Which is More Effective in the Fight Agains

Bretton Woods vs. Protest Which is More Effective in the Fight Against Global Injustice? The highlight of the anti-globalization movements came in 1999, when protesters lined the streets of Seattle, the localization of function of a meeting of the World throw Organization (WTO). A theme had been building, and it seemed to come to a head at Seattle wherever the WTO, International Monetary farm animal (IMF), or World Bank met, protesters would follow. However, things were not all peaceful, loving, and in the best interest of humanity. Things soon turned ugly, as the streets became filled with smashed windows, overturned dumpsters, and delirium in general. Granted, it very well could have been an out-of-control few who ruined the reputation of all, or, for the conspiracy theorists, it could have been corporate plants stuck in the crowd to stir up trouble. Nevertheless, the cognitive content from the protesters had gotten across to the general public, but it wasnt the mes sage they wanted to portray. The side that the public saw was the lawless one. Perhaps the whole format they use - glutinous their head out for a few days (with trouble happening during that short while) and then fading back into cyber space inevitably leads to a baneful reputation (Meadows Internet). The fact of the matter is that an assembly of such a wide variety of outspoken opinions, often times conflicting, is expected to cause trouble. This makes it extremely ambitious for protesters to separate themselves from the label of being a group of irresponsible terrorists (Internet). With this setup in place, the protesters to date have failed to have a significant influence. Despite their deprivation of success to date, the question as to whether or not they have the potent... ... Animal Issue The Big Mac. Ethics into Action. Lanham Rowman, 1998. np.Top 10 Reasons to Oppose the Word flip-flop Organization. 14 Nov. 2001. Global Exchange. 08 Dec. 2002. Turner, Teren ce. Indigenous Rights, Environmental Protection and the Struggle over Forest Resources in the Amazon The Case of the Brazilian Kayapo. MAX 132 Global society Reader (2002) 1-18.What is the World Bank? Oct. 2001. World Bank Group. 08 Dec. 2002 Whats Wrong With the Body Shop? A Criticism of Green Consumerism. McSpotlight Beyond McDonalds. 08 Dec. 2002 World Trade Organization. The Encyclopedia Britanica Online. 08 Dec. 2002

Gossip Girl Book #1 :: essays research papers

In this first novel, life is splendid for our teens from the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Theyre rich, theyre beautiful, and they know it. Blair Waldorf is the ringleader of the crew, which includes her handsome unless weak-hearted boy booster amplifier, Nate. This femme fatale in instruction relishes her role and is confident that she and Nate will be together forever. Then the teen every girl loves to hate, Serena Van der Woodson, returns from her Connecticut boarding give lessons, and the young women start fuming. Serena is beautiful and charming, and could unknowingly steal the hearts of brothers and boyfriends -- and she and Nate have a secret history. Of course, ridiculous rumors are abuzz that Serena was expelled for everything from sleeping with half the student body to sacrificing live chickens, but no one knows the real deal because it would be totally unhip to appear too interested in her. She doesnt have time to offer explanations anyway, since shes busy arduous to fit in with her old clique, who dont seem to want her around. It may be time for Serena make new friends, but with whom? Gossip Girl reports on Serenas get by with the group and more -- their dates, their parties, their crushes, and their secrets -- and she tells it all with such knowledge that you, too, will wonder as you close this page-turner, "Who is she?" (Michele D. Thomas) In Gossip Girl, when the beautiful Serena van der Woodsen returns to private school after mysteriously getting kicked out of boarding school, the whole school is talking. All Blair Waldorf knows is that theres no freaking way Serenas going to just waltz back in with her Jimmy Choo mules and Kate Spade bag and steal everyones heart again. But Serenas got other things on her mind, like college pressure and living up to everyone elses extreme expectations. Plus theres that Ryan Phillippe-looking true cat who stands across the street and stares at her all the time. Set in a rich all-girls school full of bulimic, rich, and snotty girls, youll see into the thoughts of Blair Waldrof, her boyfriend Nate, and her used-to-be best friend Serena van der Woodsen. Blair badly wants to have sex with her boyfriend Nate, and when the moment comes, Nate spills about having slept with her former best friend Serena. Blair turns everybody against Serena when she comes back from her vacation.

The Bonds of a Language Essays -- Amy Tan Literature Authors Essays

The Bonds of a Language Amy Tan is the author of several novels including The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen Gods Wife. She was born in the coupled States to parents who immigrated to California from China (Gruber 35). In her article entitled Mother Tongue, Tan focuses on the English shared between her mother and herself versus the English that she speaks with everyone else, and how it has touch her let onlook on language. Through her examples, she presents to the audience the obstacles faced by her mothers limited English. Tan demonstrates that no matter how much someone whitethorn change, the most important things lay back in their roots. Tan directs this article in a certain way to allow for several people to relate. however though she has the heritage of a Chinese culture, she did grow up in the United States, so she knows what catches peoples interest. She bases the entire article off of experiences that she has had with her feature mother and the lang uage barriers her mother has had to put up with. Someone who may not gestate experienced this first hand would probably not have as strong an argument. Tan also gears the article to a wide audience. Even if someone does not care about language or the struggles to be heard by people who cant understand you, she throws in interesting stories that catch any reader for a small moment. A near audience for this article is people who deal with those who speak broken English, such as those in ESL programs. Tan points out that even though her mother isnt the best at speaking English, she still comprehends it. Many just assume that her mothers intelligence is equivalent to her spoken English, which as Tan points out, isnt true. That may also have been why Ta... ...when you dont know what they want or need, which Tan probably realizes. In conclusion, Amy Tan allows the reader to peck through her eyes and her mothers eyes. Despite the obvious responsibility put on her shoulders from her mothers English, Tan still feels a find of intimacy in that broken language. It becomes more of a point that shes showing the audience the importance of this bond between her mother and her rather than to moderate them feel sorry for her mother. If her mother spoke as well as Tan does now, then Tan most likely would have turned out different. She learned responsibility and it allowed her to feel passionate about helping other understand English enough to make it a career. It also was a healthy step in showing options for Asians outside of the engineering field. And lastly, Amy Tans mother appears to be very proud of her daughter.

Revisions of Off-Balance Sheet Financing Essay -- Business Finance

During the 1990s, the United States had one of the most successful economic periods in history. The GDP of the country increased substantially and unemployment was at a historically low level. With the success of the U.S. economy during this period spilling over into the next decade, revelations of corporate scandal and corporate governance oversight came to light. The Enron scandal of 2001 and the Wall highway Meltdown of 2008 are two noteworthy events of inadequate accounting policies that led to economic catastrophe during the past decade. The Enron Corporations flawed accounting practices were perpetuated by the utilization of fraudulent special interest entities that were used to hide losses and rising debt sustained by the company during previous fiscal periods. The Wall roadway Meltdown can be highly attributed to the use of mortgage backed securities and other creative investment vehicles that were distributed throughout the world as safe investments with honour returns. Both of these events were a product of the improper use and abuse of off-balance sheet accounting methods.The governments reactions included the creation and revision of new and lively laws and governing bodies. As a direct result of the current corporate scandals, The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was created. At the time, SOX was the first and most influential financial system devolve in response to the current wave of corporate corruption. A provision of SOX established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). The intent of SOX and its provide were to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws, and for other purposes (Sarbanes-Oxley Ac... ....R. Res. 3763, Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 107th Cong., 107-204 Public jurisprudence 116 STAT. 745 (2002) (enacted). Kermis, George F. and Marguerite D. Kermis. Model for the inflection from Ethical Deficit to a Transparent Corporate Culture A Response to the Financial Meltdown. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, Fall, 2009.Weissman, Robert, and James Donahue. Wall Streets outmatch Investment 10 Deregulatory Steps to Financial Meltdown. Multinational Monitor January/February (2009) 10-31. Jeffrey, Peter. International Harmonization of Accounting Standards, and the Question of Off-Balance Sheet Treatment. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 12.341 (2002) 341-51. Feng, Mei, Gramlich, Jeffrey D. and Gupta, Sanjay, Special Purpose Entities Empirical Evidence on Determinants and Earnings Management. The Accounting Review (January 9, 2006). 1-55.

Revisions of Off-Balance Sheet Financing Essay -- Business Finance

During the 1990s, the United States had one of the close successful economic periods in history. The GDP of the democracy increased substantially and unemployment was at a historically low level. With the success of the U.S. economy during this period spilling over into the next decade, revelations of corporate scandal and corporate presidency oversight came to light. The Enron scandal of 2001 and the Wall Street Meltdown of 2008 are two noteworthy events of inadequate accounting policies that led to economic catastrophe during the past decade. The Enron mountains flawed accounting practices were perpetuated through the utilization of fraudulent special interest entities that were used to hide losses and rising debt sustained by the accompany during previous fiscal periods. The Wall Street Meltdown can be highly attributed to the use of mortgage backed securities and other creative investment vehicles that were distributed passim the world as safe investments with rewarding re turns. Both of these events were a product of the improper use and abuse of off-balance sheet accounting methods.The governments reactions include the creation and revision of new and existing laws and governing bodies. As a direct result of the current corporate scandals, The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was created. At the time, SOX was the first and most influential financial system overhaul in response to the current wave of corporate corruption. A provision of SOX established the common Company score Oversight Board (PCAOB). The intent of SOX and its provisions were to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws, and for other purposes (Sarbanes-Oxley Ac... ....R. Res. 3763, Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 107th Cong., 107-204 Public Law 116 STAT. 745 (2002) (enacted). Kermis, George F. and Marguerite D. Kermis. Model for the Transition from Ethical Deficit to a Transparent Corporate Culture A Resp onse to the Financial Meltdown. Journal of schoolman and Business Ethics, Fall, 2009.Weissman, Robert, and James Donahue. Wall Streets Best Investment 10 Deregulatory Steps to Financial Meltdown. Multinational Monitor January/February (2009) 10-31. Jeffrey, Peter. International Harmonization of Accounting Standards, and the Question of Off-Balance pall Treatment. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 12.341 (2002) 341-51. Feng, Mei, Gramlich, Jeffrey D. and Gupta, Sanjay, Special Purpose Entities Empirical Evidence on Determinants and Earnings Management. The Accounting Review (January 9, 2006). 1-55.

Is College Degree Essential Essay

Is college degree really worth all the money spent and the effort put in it? Right now in our socirty a college education is no longer a option or a privilege. Withtaboo a college degree, you might as tumesce becomes a homeless because if you go intot have a college degree you really arent anybody in this society.With a college degree, you get a good job, populate give you more see and you broraden up your chi fecal mattereledge. To me a college degree is substantive for my future in order to be successful.First reason, college degree is essential is that it provide lead me to get a really good job in the future. Being a college student perhaps more respectable role than creation a janitor, lunch lady or a cook in a restaurant. When people know you as a college graduate, they give you more respect than just any ordinary person. With a college degree you get nice well-paying careers where you dont have to break your neck and working your body to death. flush my parents motiva te me more to stay in college because I dont sine qua non to grow up and do the job that they doing now.Second reason why college is important is you gain respectful from people. For example my older brother who is a college graduate from Northwestern university gets more respect from all my family members and outsiders too. They look at him as not any ordinary person, but as a person who has accomplished a major goal that not everybody who starts finish.I know I impart hain the same respect from people once I get my college degree. A degree is not just any other paper. Its a special dcosument that will lead me to the right places in the future. Its not good to be labeled as a college dropout or high discipline dropout. I would rather be preferred to be labeled as a college graduate not drop out.Another reason why college is essential is not only leading you to a good job, but also it prepares you with academic knowledge about the around you.Most people are irerlate and dont even know much about the world they live in due to the fact they didnt finish high school or go to college. Most people excuse for not going to college is money. Yes thats true but, there are so many resources out there to champion you get into college if youre willing to go.The way things are going now, the only way to make it through is by getting a college degree. Even with almost simple jobs out there, you need some sort of degree in order to be hired. College degree is really essential for my future because I want to make a difference and help out my family in Ghana who didnt have the same opportunity as me to go to college. Most teens out there take education for granted and dont care much about it.In conclusion having a college degree is for your own benefit. It will lead you to many grate places in the career industry. Yes is a lot of money and work but its really worth it. I know that in four years from now I will be really happy that I went to college and didnt play around w ith it. Nobody can ever take your education from you its your god given rights.

Evaluation/Analysis on Alice Walker: Everyday Use Essay

Alice Walker, an African American author and activist born in Eatonton, Georgia in 1944 (p. 69). Walker was like well-nigh African Americans in her time raised by hard-working underpaid parents, this is reflected in her writing. Alice Walker and her now removed husband were the first interracial couple in Mississippi. formerly a poet, Walker worked with other influential authors including Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes. Everyday Use tells the reader closely the life experiences and struggles of hereditary pattern and acceptance through the eyes of African Americans.Sociology books do not explore the relationship of Americanized African American heritage vs. that of those that never left the vexland. Kate Chopin was apart of the revolutionary African American era, which is not prevalent today. This heathenish aspect is reflected in her story Everyday Use when her character fails to see the family heritage symbolized in varies items in her ho social function. You can rela te to the story no proposition what your nationality because everyone has culture and heritage of some sort. This story is very engaging, and the reader is able to see many points of view.SummaryEveryday Use is centered on the income tax return of Dee. Anticipating her arrival, mother and her youngest young woman Maggie wait for her in the front yard which for them is an extension of the living room (p.69, 1). Maggie is intimidated by her babe and is very nervous about the home glide slope of her more assertive sister. While the mother is waiting she has a vision of her and Dee being reunited in the same way that a small fry who has made it is confronted, as a surprise by her mother and father who are backstage (p.70, 3). She is knocked back to reality when she realized that she could never, unlike her daughter require a white man in the eye (p.70, 6). Maggie is nervous about the whole ordeal and when Dee finally arrives she attempts to make a dash for the house, but her moth er held her by her side (p.72,19).When Dee and her boyfriend get out of the car, they greet Mother and Maggie in Arabic Asalamalakin meaning peace be with you (pg.72, 22). Dee advised her mother and sister of her name change, which symbolizes the death her slave name and the rebirth of a more heathenishly aware woman (p.70, 4). Dee takes pictures of her surroundings, and begins to see the items of everyday use as cultural decoration for her house. Eventually she asked her mother if she could have the old quilts (p. 75, 55). She told her mother that she wanted to hang them, but her mother has already promised the quilts to Maggie when she got married. Dee did not get the quilts that she felt Maggie would not appreciate. She left the house advising her loved ones to explore their heritage, and to Maggie make something of herself (p. 76. 80). .AnalysisIn the short story Everyday Use the main conflict is over which daughter will get the quilt. This is not just an ordinary quilt it has been in the family for years. The quilt was made from pieces of dresses Grandma used to wear, and she did all the stitching by choke (p.75, 60). Dee wanted the quilts so that she could hang them up, but her mother had already promised the quilts to her younger sister Maggie. The quilt is a symbol of the mothers love and acceptance of her child and the value that is placed on the relationship. In the story there are two daughters, Dee is very intelligent, and went off to college and has become successful. Her mother is proud of her and practically brags on her accomplishments. Maggie on the other hand was shy and simple.She was burned as a child and has scars on her arms and legs. She lives with her mother, and is very nervous about Dee coming home. The quilt is a symbol of the families heritage in Dees eyes, but most importantly it is a symbol of materialism. The use of the phrase everyday use calls attention to the two daughters different views of the quilt and other family heirl ooms. Dee wanted the quilt to take home and protect it, where as Maggie would, put them on the bed and in five years theyd be rags (p. 75, 66). Dee acts superior to her family, she believes that her education has been eye sacrificeing and she is living and seeing life through open eyes. She pities her mother an sister for choosing to live the simple life. What Dee has failed to realize it that her mother andsister have a deeper connection to heritage because they understand their own personal heritage and not just the overall heritage of a group of people.

Politics and the English Language Essay

Eric Arthur Blair popularly known as George Orwell is known for his novels Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen-Eighty 4 (1949). He was born in British India on 1903 and he grew up to detest a persons control over a nonher which is emblematic in his literary works (Microsoft Student, 2007). He wrote in 1950 the essay Politics and the incline Language which is a confrontation of the stinky writing habits of the British people that has crept into new-fangled English during his time.Orwell argues that the English speech has gotten worse because of semi policy-making and economic factors and that political collapse has also been affected by the weakening of the English language. He presented tail fin passages from different writings which he describes as ineffective and careless and enumerated the bad habits of scripted English which has become common in the modern prose of that period.It also pointed issue the ambiguity of language cause people to be deceived. In this essay, Orwell appeals to his readers that they can still reverse what is happening to the English language and to politics and that is to avoid the bad habits and to issue forth the rules he prescribes.The main desire of Orwells essay observes the quartette canons of memory, invention, disposition and style and its controlling idea that the deterioration of the English language is connected with the worsening of politics is a cyclical process may be true but the connection between politics and the incompetence of the English language has not been clearly established because it does not provide sufficient examples from political writings or speeches that will prove this claim. When analyzed, it can be observe that the essay follows the four canons of memory, invention, disposition and style.To start with, the essay begins by drawing upon the belief that most people know most the deterioration of our civilization and that language eventually becomes deteriorated in the process. It also includes the general knowledge of the British rule in India, and the bombing in Hiroshima, Japan. Next, the essay does not mention statistics or record of interviews but it employs an analysis of five-spot passages from various writings that the agent cited as well as the examples of phrases or words that do become worn-out or have lost its meaning.Orwell also translated a split written in good English into a paragraph written in what he calls modern English of the worst sort which illustrated how something good can turn into bad or even worse. The result of such methods utilize by the writer has been effective in understanding the essay. Another, the essay follows a logical pattern in its organization and structure. After the introductory paragraph which mentions a public belief in the essay. The second paragraph of the essay states the controlling idea that the worsening of politics and economics brings about the decline of language and it goes roughly in a cycle.It elaborates that this is demonstrated by the bad habits that have spread by tradition and imitation at that time. But, he lays down a ancestor which is to avoid those bad habits. The essay includes five samples of passages that use metaphors that are no longer effective and accurate from the third to the ninth paragraph. It goes on to enumerate the bad habits of dying metaphors, operators or verbal false limbs, pretentious diction and meaningless words of Modern English in the tenth to thirteenth paragraph.He goes on to give his own example of a paragraph in good English translated into bad modern English from paragraphs fourteen (14) to seventeen (17). Paragraph xviii (18), excuses how the selected passages no longer present vivid imagery and accuracy. In the same paragraph, Orwell mentions that writers use those bad habits because it is convenient and is easy. Paragraph nineteen (19) expounds on how political writing is bad writing by citing examples of situations as well as phrases. Paragraphs 20 to 21 continue to explain that political language has been used to cross the truth from the people.Paragraph 22 elucidates that one uses vague, long and ambiguous words so as to blur the details. Paragraph 23 goes back to clarify what the author has already mentioned in the second paragraph that thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought. Orwell also recognizes that he has committed the very faults I am protesting against. He asserts that it is only with constant awareness of the bad habits that one can be liberated from it. The essay gives details on the writers idea that the decay of language can still be regenerated in paragraphs 24 to 26.The last paragraph recapitulates the controlling idea and the supporting ideas that have been presented in the embody of the essay. Lastly, the style of the text is a combination of short and long sentences in its 27 paragraphs. The shortest sentence in the essay consists of 7 words while the long-run can consist of 57 words. The average sentence length per paragraph can range from 21 to 38 words. There is a minimum of 4 sentences and a maximum of 8 sentences per paragraph. Its sentence and paragraph length suggests a formal tone that is at the same time analytical and persuasive.Although the essay follows the four canons, there are still inadequacies in the research method, and in the order of some paragraphs. First, the essay does not include interviews of people who have suffered because language was used in a deceitful way during that time of Orwells writing. If one has to look back to that period of World War II when this essay was belike written, there are people who survived the so called Holocaust that the author could have cited or interviewed. The Holocaust was the almost complete annihilation of the Jews in Europe by the Nazis and its allies during World War II (Bankier, 2007).The statements of Hitler before the occurrence of World War II could have been a very good example of politica l language used to deceive people or to hide the truth from them. In addition, the essay should have also included samples of passages that come from political writings or speeches because the readers can hardly see the connection between the degeneration of language and the political disorder without concrete examples. Out of the five sample passages in the essay, only passage (4) can be considered a political writing.Moreover, the order of some of the paragraphs is not effective. For instance, paragraph 18 which is an illumination on the bad habits that the five passages contain, should be placed in between paragraph 13 and 14. When the writer talks about the sample passages then he should move on to explain those and he should not mention a new topic or idea as he did in paragraphs 14 to 17. Furthermore, the second sentence of paragraph 17 is quite ambiguous. It is not at all very clear because it does not specify what those several patches of the same kind of English are.In conc lusion, Orwells essay on Politics and the English Language follows the four canons and has achieved its purpose in persuading the readers to avoid bad habits of modern English so that they can presuppose clearly for it is with foolish thoughts that language is corrupted.ReferencesBankier, D. (2007). Holocaust. Microsoft Student 2008 DVD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation. Orwell, G. (1946). Politics and the English Language. London Horizon. Ziemke, E. F. World War II. Microsoft Student 2008 DVD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation.

American Dreams

The the States dream is the dream of a land in which life is better, richer, and fuller for everybody. It is a land full of opportunities for everyone according their ability or achievement. It does not mean motor cars or high pays, but a dream of brotherly ordering where every person is able to achieve their full status of which they atomic number 18 naturally capable, and be known by for their abilities, irrespective of unexpected conditions of birth or position (Chu, para. 1). American dream couple with escape from maltreatment in other peoples home inelegant has always been the main hotheaded force for immigrants to move to America.Throughout history, America has always been viewed by many as a place of numerous opportunities and easy life. By 20th century the American dream had started attracting a good number of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe. A substantial number of Italians, Poles, Greeks, Jews, Russians, and others moved to America to look for greener past ures (Adamson, p. 134). Chinese immigration to the US In many ways, the drive of the Chinese to move to the United States is quite the same as those of other immigrants.Others came to the US to live while some came so as to look for better economic opportunity (Daniels, p. 156). There is the third group of the immigrants who left China as contract laborers or refugees. As they came to the US, they brought their language, culture, and social institutions and customs. For the years they stayed in the US, they made permanent contributions to their new country and strived to become integral part of the American population (Ashabranner, p. 80). Chinese immigration can be grouped into three periods.The first group started moving to American in 1847 which was a short period after the California Gold Rush and halt suddenly with the enactment of Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. During this time, most Chinese who were mainly young males left their homes in untaught China to the west of Americ a to become laborers. These young Chinese were hired to mine metals and minerals, construct railroads networks, salvage swamplands, build irrigation system, and operate highly competitive manufacturing industries and other jobs.Towards the end of 1882, the number of Chinese immigrants in the US were totaling to about 110,000 (Thernstrom, para. 6). The second period of immigration began in 1882 to 1965. During this time, immigration to the US was restricted and only diplomats, merchants, and students together with their dependents were allowed to move to the US. This period was in like manner characterized by exclusion of Chinese Americans to ghettos which were popularly known as Chinatowns. These seclusions were found in major cities as well as isolated aras in the rural areas all over America (Jaynes, p. 320).Chinese in America during this period were not accorded democratic rights and this meant that they had to rely on courts and diplomatic channels to protect themselves. The C ivil Rights movement of 1965, more than particularly the passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964 and immigration and Nationality of 1965 opened a new chapter in the lives of Chinese American immigrants. As a lead of these acts, Chinese were relieved from the vice of racial discrimination which they were experiencing before. The acts brought back the basic rights which the Chinese were denied there before (Ashabranner, p. 93).Under these new laws, many Chinese moved to the US every year to get together with their families and young Chinese organized movements to demand for racial equity and social justice (Adamson, p. 150). The third period of Chinese immigration to the US started in 1970s to the present time. During this period there were two groups of Chinese who moved to the US. The first group consisted of highly selected and well enlightened Chinese while the second group consisted of those Chinese who left their country to seek asylum in the US as a result of governmental ins tability or repression which was happening in East and Southeast Asia.There was also a third minor group which consisted of ethnic Chinese from Vietnam and Cambodia who left their country because of poverty and ethnic cleansing (Hoobler, para. 3). The type of settlement which was adopted by the Chinese was determined by racial segregation and economic development. Before the passage of Chinese Exclusion Act, the pattern of settlement was determined by economic development in western estates. Western economy was largely dependent on mining and railroad construction and as a result of this, majority of Chinese immigrants settled in California and states which were to the west of Rocky Mountains.Decline in these industries coupled with increasing anti Chinese feelings, Chinese left and shifted to import-export businesses and service manufacturing industries in towns like San Francisco, new York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Seattle. By 20th century, about 80% of the people who populate Chinatown in big cities in the US were Chinese (Ashabranner, p. 100). The Chinese American was viewed by the whites as people who cannot get assimilated and were denied this chance through exclusion and denial of citizenship.The Congress and the judiciary made decisions which made Chinese ineligible for naturalization and this made them politically disenfranchised in a country which was thought to be democratic. Chinese Americans developed their roots in Chinatowns, fought racism through forceful litigations, and took active graphemes in economic development projects and political movements to civilize China. Assimilation was perceived as something which could not be attained (Adamson, p. 370). In nineteenth century, most Chinese had given up and did not see the reason to continue staying in America.Because of this new mentality, they adapted to hardship and racial discrimination and turned to their lifestyle (Chu, para. 5). The Chinese lifestyle meant living modestly, observing Chinese customs and festivals which included family associations, move remittance to the people left at home such as parents, wives, and children. Parents tried to inculcate Chinese language and culture in their children by displace them to Chinese schools within the community or back in China.They also encouraged them to excel in American education and the most important role they played in the lives of their children was to arrange for marriages between them (Daniels, p. 200). The Chinese also became members of social organizations and family associations that had a collective interest and protected the welfare of people who had the same family name. The organizations acted to mediate and solve conflicts, assist in securing jobs and housing, build schools and temples and fund social and cultural events.These activities brought mixed blessing to the community and in some situations, they became so powerful and tyrannous to an extent of blocking social and po litical progress (Wu, para. 9). There are many aspects of Chinese food and items which have been incorporated into the American society and are still being used. Chinese tea became a famous beverage during the 18th and the 19th century. From 1960s, Chinese cuisine was introduced into the American diet (Takaki, para. 7). Chinese restaurants are scattered all over America in large and small cities.Main ingredients for preparing Chinese foods are now available in most supermarkets and lessons of Chinese prep are common programs in televisions (Ashabranner, p. 130). The American dream which drove most Chinese to come to America was a mere fiction. The Chinese immigrants who migrated to America during the 19th century were faced with a lot of hardships which were contrary to the dream (Adamson, p. 500). They worked as laborers in the expanding American industries. Chinese laborers were very useful in California more so during the civil war.They served in wool mills, cigar, shoe, and gar ment industries. Chinese businessmen started their factories which competed with the whites factories. Chinese constituted about a quarter of labor force in California. Their labor was also sought all over America because it was cheap the slaves had been freed and there was labor deficit. Chinese were the first people to claim California sumptuous fields which encouraged most people to move to the west. The Chinese were the people who started the period of railroad building.Several railroads they built in America facilitated opening of the valuable resources in most of the states. The lands where they lived on were transformed into farms which they cultivated, planted and harvested most of their food crops. They established vineyards, orchards, and ranches which were very important because they supplied fruits and vegetable to the major towns. The Chinese expertise was admired and imitated by other farms. Through the coming of the Chinese, the west of the country became independent and no longer relied on the east for products since they could was able to produce their own products.Through the hardships that the Chinese passed through while in America, it is worth noting that it is not possible to move to another county and feel comfortable as if you are in your own country (Chu, para. 9). work cited Adamson, Lynda G. , Literature connections to American history, K-6 resources to enhance and entice. California ABC-CLIO, 1998. 542 pages. Ashabranner, Brent, Still a Nation of Immigrants. New York Cobblehill Books, 1993. 131. Chu, Daniel, Passage To The Golden Gate. New York Doubleday & Company, Inc. , 1967.Daniels, Roger, Guarding the Golden Door American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882. New York Hill & Wang 2005. 344. Hoobler, Dorothy, The Chinese American Family Album. New York Oxford University Press, 1994. Jaynes, Gerald David, Immigration and race new challenges for American democracy. Connecticut Yale University Press, 2000. 327 pages. Takak i, Ronald, Journey to Gold Mountain. New York Chelsea dramatics Publishers, 1989. Thernstrom, Stephen, Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1980. Wu, Dana Ying-Hui, Coming to America. Brookfield Millbrook Press, 1993.

Police System In Japan Essay

In Japan, police system gener altogethery enjoy wide friendship support and respect. The system, so called keisatsu seido consists of approximately 220,000 police officers who argon organized into prefectural forces coordinated and partially cookled by the National Police Agency in Tokyo.Concerning the historical development, during the Edo period we are talking almost the years 1600 1868 here, the Tokugawa Shogunate ( the form of those days governing the untaught ) developed elaborate police system based on town magistrates who held samurai status and served as chiefs of police, prosecutors and criminal judges. The system was extended by citizens s groups such as five-family associations ( gonin gumi ) . These groups were composed of neighbours, collectively liable to the government for the activities of their membership.After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the principal(prenominal) change in the whole Japanese history, the Home Ministry was established in 1873. With jurisdic tion over the Police Bureau, it effectively controlled the police. This new, centralized police system had big responsibilities, includng the authority to issue ordinances and handle quasi-judicial functions. It also regulated reality health, factories, constructions, businesses and issued permits, licenses and orders.In 1911 the Special Higher Police was established to help control proscribed policy-making activities. Later in 1928 it was strengthened with the introduction of the Peace Preservation Law. When the Sino-Japanese War began in 1937, the police were given the added responsibilities of regulating business activities for the war efforts, mobilizing labour and coercive transportatioon. Also regulation of publications, motion pictures, political meetings, and election campaigns came under police direction.After World War II, Japan as a defeated country was under strong pressure and influence mainly from the U.S., on all branches of life, including the police system. The N ational Diet the highest organ of state power was required to ordinate a new Police Law. This 1947 law abolished the previousHome Ministry. It decentralized the system by establishing about 1,600 independent municipal police forces in all cities and towns with population of over 5,000 smaller communities. These were served by the newly created National Rural Police. General contol of the police was supposed to be ensured by the establishment of civilian public safety commissions.As to present structure, today the Japanese police system is based on prefectural units that are autonomous in daily trading operations yet are linked issuewide under the National Police Agency. Prefectural police headquarters, including the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, control everyday police operations in each prefecture. In effect, the prefectures pay for the patrol man on the beat, traffic control over domestic security units, which are funded by the national government, as are the salaries of senior national and prefectural police officials.Prefectures are divided into districts, each with its own police station under direct control of prefectural police headquarters. There are about 1,250 of these police stations nationwide. Districts are further subdivided into jurisdictions of urban police boxes ( koban ) and rural residential police boxes ( chuzaisho).The tower of the Japanese police system is the uniformed patrol officer (omawari san ). The patrol officers supply the police boxes and patrol cars and comprised 40 percent of al incidents and crimes and then transport them to the specialized units for further investigation.The sphere of police resposibilities remains broad. Besides solving ordinary crimes, criminal investigators establish the causes of fires and industrial accidents. Crime prevention police jibe added responsibility for juveniles, businesses and the enforcement of special laws regulating gun and sword ownership, drugs, smuggling, prostitution, p ornography and industrial pollution. Public safety commissions usually defer to police decisions.Police contact with the community is extended by the requirement that koban based police visit every home in their jurisdiction to gather information,pass on suggestions regarding crime prevention and hear complaints. Neighbourhood crime prevention and traffic safety associations provide another link between police and community, further promoting extensive public exponentiation in law and order.

How Internet Has Changed People Essay

The Internet has changed a lot oer the year and a lot of people really father intot talk to each other any more(prenominal) instead they talk either on Facebook or another Internet site. With all the things that you can do most families really come int spend any m with each other anymore because everyone is doing something on the Internet. Now a days people can log on the Internet where ever they are. Because the internet decreases face to face interaction, makes it easier to retreat into a cyber- human beings, and vastly polarizes opinions and minimizes basic etiquette, the internet has through much to divide the global population, rather than connect it. About 86 percent of the world population uses the internet on a daily bases. over the years Internet has decreased face to face interaction quite a bit. Now days if someone involve to talk to someone they provide just video chat with them over the Internet on apple devices, cell phones, computers, and Xbox.Also when someone wants write someone else they dont get out paper and pen they go on the Internet and email them. Now days it is much easier to retreat into a cyber-world, than it is to retreat in this to in the real world. Social websites like Facebook and twitter have made people a whole lot less social than they were years ago. The average Facebook drug user creates 90 pieces of content every month Internet has done so much to divide the global population, rather than connect it. Instead of families spend theatrical role time with each other they are all in different rooms on the Internet doing different things. I have noticed over the years that a lot of people have become more depend on the internet that they dont know what they would do without it. A lot of things for schools are now on the internet like for my math class everything is online and very little on paper.Now days most parents dont see their kids because they are usually in their room on the internet doing different things like e ither video chatting, play a plump for online, or online chat rooms. According to Pewresearch.org A new Pew Internet Project report reveals that 93% of teens ages 1217 go online, as do 93% of young adults ages 1829. Today every teenage has their own TV, computer, and other electronic devices just in their room. A lot of people think that they need their cell phones or their computers and they dont know what to do when it dies when the power is out. They think that it is the end of the world when either their phone dies or their computer dies when they power is out.Peoples are lost without the internet. Devices that have internet access are addicting and people sometimes dont know when to stop. The internet has come a long way since it started and now everything is online from banking to emailing and lots of other things. A lot of education is on the internet more and more each year, for example if you need help and dont know how to do a math problem and you dont want to leave your house you can just search the internet for an online tutor. 107 trillion emails sent in 2010 and many more since then.People are now geological dating other people over the internet, instead of meeting each other the old fashion way. With online chat rooms you can talk to someone that is in a whole different country and not even know that. Individuals are becoming less independent on families than they were before. According to SocialMediaToday.com writer Tim Patterson, Facebook has 518 meg users. I think that the internet is making people a whole lot less social than they were before the internet started. My family can be so caught up in what we are doing on the internet that forgets that one another are even home. I think that people should spend less time on the internet and more time with their families. According to InternetWorldStats.com in 2010 the United States Internet Users the top 5 states are California (29.8 million users), Texas (17.2 million users), tender York (16 .1 million users), Florida (14.8 million users), and Illinois (10.2 million users).

Financial and non-financial implications of Winston Barkwith’s proposal Essay

IntroductionFor my analysis I simplified normative investment process model (original source Pike and Dobbins, 1986), which I would the like to use to determine the future viability of the put plan put forward by Winston. The basic idea which underlies the model is that the process of capital investment cease be considered to flow from strategic planning through to search for investment opportunities to meet that plan. The opportunities are screened and defined for the subsequent analysis by management. If the project is canonic then the investment is make, making sure that there are no cost overruns. Once a project has been commissioned and running for a succession it is useful to assess whether it is meeting the expectation promised at the evaluation stage. Audit technique can be used at latter stages to ensure divert control.In order to evaluate Winstons displace I used in depth qualitative cost-benefit analysis and also numerical techniques, much(prenominal) as specie f low forecast and payback (see Appendix 1).Main body of the report1) Strategic plan.Strategic plan of the North West confidence for the breastplate of Wildlife is very well reflected in the aims of that organisation, which state the followingh to encourage farming practices in the region which allow for not endanger local wight lifeh to enable the regions residents to enjoy the local countrysideh to educate the regions young people on how to tone of voice after and enjoy the local countryside and wildlife.2) Search, Screen and definition of investment opportunities.There are two projects put forward before the committee. One of which is the proposal made by the newly elected chairman of the committee, which involves reorganising Moult Hall property into quad biking course.On the other hand, there is a proposal made by Jonathan and Ingrid, who are senior members of the committee. Their idea is to restructure Moult Hall. This would allow young and disadvantaged members of society access to the property.3) Evaluation of investment opportunities.In this section of my operate I would like to concentrate on the cost-benefit analysis of Winston Barkwith project, because it is one which is to the highest degree contradictory to organizational aims and raises most concern among the members of the Trusts committee. I mentioned the account book contradictory because according to the opinion of many booster cable financists capital investment decisions should allocate resources within the organisation to offer the best potential for meeting its objectives.BenefitsAs understood by me, the idea of financing profit oriented recreational facility is a relatively new one for the organisation. Therefore, the estimates of future profits and cash flows cant be made using the past experience as a guide. Consequently, form financial point of view they are passing play to be subjects to greater risk by being the product of forecasts and estimates. The riskier the project th e more return the company is likely to require. In the case of Winstons proposal we can consider the venture as a diversification, which is usually associated with required return of at least 30%.Although no discount factors are given, the nominative figures predicting amazing cash inflow, which can be used to finance other projects. Use of money from the venture could give the organisation opportunity to help more people than they currently do. Dramatic increase in the capital inflow maygive the Trust prospect to achieve much wider objectives than its original ones, e.g. go nation-wide, create or support government lobby, international ventures, etc.There are other, mainly non-financial, advantages of the proposal as well, such as come-at-able kick upstairs to the local economy. Organising of quad biking courses will create money inflow into the local economy, which will be magnified by the positive multiplier effect with the end turn up being increase in wealth for the local community. Let me demonstrate, employees and sub-contractors paid by the owners of Moult Hall are likely to be using up significant proportion of their incomes in the nearby area, which in turn means increases in revenue for the local businesses. Increase in revenue for businesses is likely to result in greater variety, create jobs and allow for more taxes to be collected by the local council, which than can be spend on such everyday programmes as support of elderly and disadvantaged members of the local community.Another benefit to the local economy which is likely to occur is an improvement in infrastructure. Improved infrastructure should breathe life into the local community make Moult Halls and the Trusts facilities more accessible.By pass judgment Winstons project the Trust could gain invaluable City contacts. If the situation arises the Trust is likely to be in a better position to raise additional monetary funds. Also, the node segment the proposal is aiming for are ex tremely wealthy individuals, they are CEOs (Chief Executive Officer) of large corporations. By cleverly promoting itself the Trust can sop up some very influential beneficiaries or even become sponsored by one of the companies. It is not an unrealistic thought, since in the UK many companies which finance charitable organisations lots get tax breaks from the government.To add more weight to my arguments in favour of Winston Barkwith proposal I would like to bring forward idea which belongs to one of the leading economic thinkers of the modern era. Milton Friedman of University ofChicago holds the view that all businesses should use the resources available to them as efficiently as possible. Friedman argues that making the highest possible profit creates maximum possible wealth to the benefit of the whole society.CostsA good starting point would be the issue of finance. It may be difficult to find finance capital for such a risky venture. It is unlikely that the Trust will live ex tra four hundred thousands to spend on the project with such a degree of risk. It is a new to the organisation business, there is a high chance of failure. Few of the possible reasons can be overstated or unrealistic customer figures it may be illegal to destroy woodlands in the area. Also, the Trust, more likely than not, will have to apply for the planning permission for the lasting conversion and the petrol tank installation, etc.To continue I would like to remind that organizational aims are the long-term intentions of the organisation to develop in a certain way. Their purpose is to create a common vision which everyone in the organisation should work towards achieving. They use the language intended to motivate within the dissolute and to convince those outside it of the companys sincerity and commitment. By accepting Winstons proposal the Trust will be acting against its stated aims. If the Trust will decide in favour of quad biking facility it will have serious detrimental effect on the local wildlife and farming practices. It will be especially harmful for the re-introduction of red kites project, which is supported by the Trust.An organisations aims should establish which stakeholder needs will be identified and considered when strategic constitution is developed. Balancing the interests of stakeholders can be extremely difficult, if the aims of some of these groups conflict. The decision to continue with Winstons proposal would undermine interests of existing stakeholders of the business, people who donated their money for the Trust to chance upon its organisational objectives.The trust is a charitable organisation. Its ethical behaviour is its unique selling point (USP). It will be really difficult to continue its fund raising activities if its existing beneficiaries will be thinking that their money invested into some profitable business ventures. On the finance side the organisation may baseless more than it gains, since it is currently rece iving eight hundred thousands from donations only. Bad publicity may outset revenue from the project (800k vs. 750k).The committee consists of people who look like they have strong ethical values. Introduction of unethical policy, which Winstons proposal is, can create divisions within the organisation. One can even argue that by accepting the project the committee members would act in direct contradiction to morals which motivated the founder of the Wildlife Trust Doreen Barkwith.ConclusionTo a large extent unless not entirely the proposal made by Jonathan and Ingrid is a better option for the organisations long-term growth and objectives. However, the Winstons proposal no doubt is a more financially sound one. Nevertheless, one needs to remember that ethics are the moral principles that should underpin decision-making. An ethical decision means doing what is morally make up it is not a matter of scientifically calculating costs and benefits. A decision made on ethical grounds mi ght reject the most profitable solution in favour of one of greater benefit to society as well the firm.On the other hand, we all have contrasting world views and different interpretations of what is beneficial for society. Therefore, I would suggest a more democratic approach to the decision making or find a piece solution, such as to use less noisy vehicles, go with a different proposal or even building indoor track course.

Bertrand and Cournot Competition Comparison

Within the realm of industrial economics, a central focus is on equilibrium in oligopoly exemplars, and the wonders arise of how the steadfasts would find the equilibrium and whether they impart choose it. The efforts of this essay are devoted to a interchange of butterfly and Bertrand models of competition, devil fundamental single-period models that form the basis for multi-period models (Friedman, 1977).Firstly the essay will give an introduction to the properties of the motor lodge and Bertrand models of intention and examine their implications to the relationship betwixt structure and performance. thusly it will theoretically address the question that when and how we contribute choose either of these two models to better describe a grocery, and existentially distinguish between two models by giving example industries that behave accord to each. Finally the essay will capture a conclusion.Oligopoly theory abstracts from the complexity of real-life corporate strateg y, and c erstwhilentrates on Just one or two strategical variables (Davies et al, 1991). act (1838) takes the view tat the firmass strategic variable is squatty or output. In contrast, Bertrand (1883) takes the view that the firmass basic strategic variable is price. In order to capture the tubercle between the Court and Bertrand manikin, we will consider the simplest case of homogeneous products.First, assumption positive market share, firms in Court market have the market office to price higher than their allowanceal costs. Second, the market power of a firm is limited by the market elasticity of demand. The more elastic demand, the lower the price-cost margin. Furthermore, given that all the firms are price takers, firms with lower marginal cost will have greater markets shares. whence what is the implication for the relationship between structure and performance guarding the industry as a whole? round to this aspect, summing the average price-cost margin equals summing individuals firms over all n firms weighting each firmass margin by its share of the market, Where H denote Heralding index, which is one of the most widely accepted measures of denseness. If we use concentration as the measure of industry structure and price-cost margin as the measure of performance, we can see that in Court competition, the less elastic is demand, and the larger is the Heralding index, the greater aggregate margin in the Court Nash equilibrium.Also, the market power (Unmans, 1962)), this indicates the importance of barriers to entry. In 1883, Bertrand criticized Courtass work on several counts. One of these was that if the strategic variable is price rather than quantity, Courtass logic results in an entirely diverse take (Friedman, 1977). In the Bertrand framework each firm directly controls the price at which it sells it output, and the demand for its output will depend on the price set by each firm 3 and the amount that they appetite to sell at that price.T his model is driven by the assumption that the firm that charges the utmost price can capture marginal cost in the market, it can charges a price I pi?ii = I pi?ii pi?ii pi?ii pi?0 00 I poi pipe, where c is the marginal cost the entire market (Walden and Jensen, 2001). Given this assumption, if firm I has the lowest of the firm that has the min lowest marginal cost in the industry, and I poi pipe represents a number that is infinitesimally greater than O. Then firm I will capture the entire market.In the case that each firm face an kindred marginal cost, each firm will set its rice pi equal the marginal cost, and yields a agonistical equilibrium. The discussion about Bertrand framework tells a very different story of the relationship between structure, conduct, and performance from the Court-Nash equilibrium. First, only the most efficient firm will survive the competition and become the monopolist, the opposite firms will exit the market. Second, if all firms face the identic al marginal cost, with two or more firms the competitive outcome occurs, large numbers (which is the case in Court competition) are not necessary.Clearly, there is a big difference whether the strategic variable is price or quantity. Therefore, what criteria do we have for choosing between Court or Bertrand model to describe a market? A common argument for the Court model is more appropriate is that it captures the intuition that competition decreases with fewer firms, while the prediction of the Bertrand model 00 a slide fastener price-cost margin with two or more firms, or only one firm exists as the monopolist 00 is implausible.In the world, examples like many consumer goods markets have shown that it is hard to find all consumers want to buy from the firm charging the lowest price, and small price hangs by a firm lead to small changes in its sales and in the sales of its rivals (Friedman, 1977). Also, it is often argued that the choice of Court and Bertrand lies in the relative flexibility of prices and output. In the Court framework, once chosen, outputs are fixed, while the price is flexible.In the Bertrand framework, however, firms set prices while output is 4 quantities (Davies et al, 1991), and therefore the Court framework is preferred to the Bertrand framework. An influential work coloring this view is Krebs and Chainman (1983). In their two-stage model, firms choose capacities in the first tags, and debate with price as in the Bertrand model up to the capacity chosen in the first stage. The consequent equilibrium turns out to be equivalent to the standard Court model.There do have some industries where firmass behavior is consistent with the intuition of Bertrand model. In the American airline industry, many major carriers follow a policy of pricing near marginal cost on routes on which it faces competition (Walden and Jensen, 2001). They veneration that if their fares are even slightly higher than the competitor, they will lose virtually the e ntire market share. However, Brander and gold coast (1990) also found evidence that the pricing behavior of American Airlines and United Airlines between 1984 and 1988 were close to the Court modelass prediction.In addition, Await (1974) found that in the Japanese flat-glass industry the two duopolistic behave according the the Court competition. In conclusion, this essay has compared and contrasted the main properties of Court and Bertrand models of competition, clearly the two models tell completely different stories of oligopolies competition as well as the relationship between structure and performance. The essay has also discussed when and which of the two oodles are expected to be better describe a market, both theoretically and with empirical examples.

Discuss the extent to which Consumer Law achieves its objectives Essay

The most efficient way for consumers to get what they requirement is through the market, not the government, but businesses have more power than their customers. Some businesses pot and allow use abuse this power and cheat and steal from consumers to make money. Because of this, the government regulates the behaviour of businesses to have a market economy that functions properly. These truths mainly protect consumers against misleading/deceptive representations, unconscionable conduct, unfair contracts, and serious goods and/or services. To protect consumers, different legal and non-legal approaches have been taken.Statutory protections by the government, like the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) and the bailiwick Credit Code (NCC), and by the read, like the Fair Trading Act 1987 (NSW) and the Contracts round off Act 1980 (NSW), financial aid regulate businesses and protect consumers. Under section 29 of the ACL, businesses argon prohibited from making false claims most their products and/or services. In the ACCC v. Harvey Norman 2012 case, 4 Harvey Norman stores were found guilty of making false or misleading representation regarding consumer guarantee rights. The misrepresentations were made orally by sales people in the store. The hail recognised the issues and penalised the stores, issuing fines and ordering them to display in-store signs displaying corrective notices and implement a consumer law compliance program. divulge of the four stores, two of them ceased trading in May 2013. This demonstrated how good the consumer law achieves its objectives.Independent governmental statutory agencies also help in enforcing the ACL and help to bring assistance to businesses that are not complying with the law and help to fix the problem. An independent statutory body called the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) aims to make markets act upon for consumers, now and in the future. The ACCC helps to keep the market safe and fair for consu mers. A major business brought to the attention of the ACCC was found to be making misleading claims. Coles claims and advertises that its bread is scorched today, sold today and freshly baked in-store. It was found that the bread was not, in fact, baked in Australia,but partially baked months earlier in overseas factories. Coles accepted a guilty verdict and claimed that new packaging was already being produced. Coles could formula fines of up to $1.1 million per breach. This demonstrates how effective the ACCC is in enforcing the ACL but penalties may not be harsher enough. For a mammoth business, like Coles, $1.1 million is not that much of a penalty compared to the profits it makes.Non-statutory protections to help the ACL in achieving its objectives can be just as effective as statutory protections. One protection is the media. The media is a actually powerful tool and can wreak havoc on the profitability of a business. To stay step up of the harsh spotlight that is the me dia, businesses tend to straighten out really quickly if found to be in breach of a section of the ACL. This helps to protect consumers to the degree that it makes businesses comply with the law quickly but it doesnt stop them from doing it to stat with until they get caught.Another non-statutory measure in protecting consumers is through External Dispute colonisation Schemes (EDR). An example of an EDR is the Financial Ombudsmen Service (FOS) which helps to protect consumers in matters regarding credit loans. The FOS is a cheaper, faster way of orbit a final result to a conflict between a consumer and a business. These solutions have been unbiased, 50% benefiting the consumer and 50% benefiting the business. Rather than taking a business to court, a consumer can go to a FOS where a solution can be reached quicker and cheaper but this decision is final, regardless of which party it benefits. This non-statutory body is very effective in protecting consumers from businesses to the extent that it reaches an unbiased solution but an issue has already occurred.There are statutory and non-statutory measures taken to protect consumers and the market economy. Statutory measures like the ACL (Cth), NCC (Cth), Fair Trading Act 1987 (NSW), and the Contracts Review Act 1980 (NSW) create laws and regulate businesses. Different non-statutory bodies, like the media and EDR schemes (e.g. FOS), help to enforce the laws made by the state and government.. Together, they help to achieve the objectives of consumer law in protecting consumers against misleading/deceptive representations,unconscionable conduct, unfair contracts, and unsafe goods and/or services.

Lilys life style in the sociiety and roxy eager to help her child

Puddnhead Wil intelligence and The House of Mirth are both trage poop breaks which concentrate on the miseries of women who are the victims of either their make expectations or the societys expectations of them.In true distich tradition, Puddnhead Wilson deals with the tragedy, thickly laced with his characteristic satire. It is believed that distich wrote this during one of his dark periods in life when he was going through with(predicate) pessimism created by his financial debacles. The suspensor of the work, Roxy is a slave who can pass of as a clean-living (though she is one sixteenth black). And she is brave. courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear non absence of fear. ( Twain, 36)In order to create a make better life for her son, she exchanges him at birth with the son of her white master. But as fate would have it, her son turns out to be unworthy of the white mans inheritance and his life goes astray. He veritable(a) sells her forcibly to a white man in exch ange for his gambling debts.In the House of Mirth, Edith Barton takes the readers through the life of highly desirable Lily bart, who sabotages the prospects of m both suitors only to find herself decline into squalid dinginess, only to die of a sleeping draught overdose (perhaps accidentally). Most of the novel is the pursuit of money.Society is a revolving form which is apt to be judged according to its place in each mans heaven (Wharton, Chapter 4, adjudge I)Lily suffers because of two factors. She is incapable of following her heart and removing money as a vital point of the equation, therefrom she suffers the constant heartburn of rejection. She is also non completely efficient in her manipulation of the society just about her that she is not entrenched enough to counter the allegations of Bertha against her (of adultery with her husband)Paradoxically, both novels deal with freedom and slavery. While Twain deals with literal slavery and the lengths to which a mother, Roxy can go to ensure that her son escapes the clutches of slavery that she suffers, Barton dialogue about slavery to the pursuit of money. In the house of mirth, Lily starts feeling free when she has money and starts feeling enslaved when she does not have sufficient money. But the irony is she is always enslaved to the concept of money.Human folly led by social pressures and an inability to follow ones heart are the causes of the tragedy of Lily, while several(prenominal) unfortunate incidents that start with a noble intention form the crux of Roxys tragedy. She is freed by her white master whom she deceives by exchanging her son with his and she is again sold off by her consume son who does not know the truth. This is one of the best dramatic and tragic elements used by Twain in all of his works.Perhaps the most glaring similarity between the two novels is the way in which debts ruin a persons judgment and lead him/her progressively towards more dreaded consequences. Lilys unintent ional debt to Gus when she starts cosmos lavish imagining the money he gives her to be her own returns from the stock market marks the beginning of her end. as well as Tom gambles heavily and this leads him into finding shadier and indirect means to repay these debts, resulting in a murder of his own uncle.In spite of the fact that neither Edith Wharton nor Mark Twain try overtly to convey any message to the readers, both these novels work as a danger signal posts which need to be looked out for to avoid any pitfalls related to monetary judgment and human judgment as a whole. flora CitedTwain, Mark. Puddnhead Wilson. NewYork Courier Dover Publication, 1999Wharton, Edith. The House of Mirth. NewYork Norton, 1990

The Sequence of and the Rate of Development Why Is It Important to Understand This Difference

Samantha Larvin CPY 3. 1 Understanding child and young persons get aroundment. explain the sequence and prize of separately aspect of get outment from render to 19 divisions. NEW BORN BABY Physical The startle few days of a babys life ar usually composed of extensive periods of sleep interspersed with short periods when the baby is awake. The duration of wakefulness leng indeeds gradually and includes periods of fretfulness, crying and calmness. The responsiveness of the baby depends on the state of sleep or wakefulness (Brazelton and Nugent 1995).At birth the blazon and legs ar characterisitically stiff (hypertonia) and the automobile trunk and neck floppy (hypotonia). Lying on the back (supine) the arms and legs are kept semiflexed and the posture is symmetrical. Babies natural after breech presentation usually keep their legs extended. Pulled to sitting, marked head lag is present. Held in a sitting position, the back is curved and the head driblets forward. Plac ed on the abdonmen (prone) the head is promptly move stanceways. The savetocks are humped up, with the knees tucked under the abdonmen. The arms are close to the chest with the elbows to the full flexed.Moro Reflex Is in born(p), not ensuret. It is normally present in new born babys to the progress of 3 months. When the baby feels it is falling, the arms are flung back with the custody open, the arms are so to line upher as if to clutch hold of something. Palmer grasp A reflex in new born babys to 6 months. If you touch the palm of a babys fall, its response is to curl its fingers around your finger and cling to it. Planter The reflex in the foot, when you stroke the fix of the babys foot. Toes spread disclose and foot pulls inwards, up to the age of 12 months. communion at heart a few days of birth, infants establish interaction with their carers through eye contact, spontaneous or parrotlike facial gestures and modulation of their sleep-wakefulness state. inte lligent/cognitive Babies are sensitive to light and sound at birth through visual responsiveness varies at birth. From birth onwards, or within a few days, infants turn their eyes towards a large and diffuse source of light and close their eyes to sudden capable light. An end or face must be brought to a distance of 30 centimetres to obtain use up and fixation.Infants usually turn their eyes to slowly follow a face. Social, emotional and behavioural Patterns of interaction and pernicious indications of individuality sh declare by babies from birth onwards strengthen the emotional ties between infants and their carers. 3 MONTH nonagenarian Physical Lying on back, picks to lie with head in midline. Limbs more(prenominal) pliable, movements smoformer(a) and more continuous. Waves arms symmetrically, detention loosely open. Brings tally together in midline over chest or chin. Kicks vigorously, legs alter or occasionally together. When pulled to sit, little or no head lag.He ld sitting, back is straight except in lumbar region. Head held erect and steady for several seconds forwards bobbing forwards. Needs choke at shoulders when macrocosm bathed and dressed. Lying on abdomen, lifts head and upper chest well up in midline, use forearms to nutriment and practically actively scratching at go up with hands, with buttocks flat. Held standing with feet on hard surface, sags at knees. Visually very alert, particularly run intoing at nearby human face. Moves head deliberately to view attentively around. Follows large(p)s movements within their visual let on behavior.Follows dangling toy at 15-25 centimeters from face through half portion horizontally from billet to side and usually also vertically from chest to brow. When lying supine watches movements of give hands before face and engages in finger work on, opening and closing hands and pressing palms of hands together. Reaches out to grasp with some(prenominal) hands by 16-18 weeks of age. w hitethorn move head from side to side as if searching for sound source. Quietens to sound of sound or small bell rung softly out of hoi polloi. Communication Cries when uncomfortable or annoyed.Often sucks or licks lips in response to sounds of preparation for feeding. Shows ardor at sound of approaching voices, footsteps, running bathwater etc. Vocalises delightedly when spoken to or pleased, also when alone. Vocalisations are integrated with smiles, eye contact and hand gestures during turn taking exchanges or protoconversations. ingenious/Cognitive Holds rattle for a few movements when placed in hand, may move towards face, sometimes bashing chin. Babies are starting to learn how to distinguish between faces and show obvious pleasure when they see a familiar face.Social, emotional and behavioural Fixes eyes unblinkingly on parents or carers face when feeding, with contented resolute gaze. Eager anticipation of nipple or bottle feed. Beginning to show reactions to famili ar situations by smiling, cooing and hallucinating movements. Enjoys bathing and caring routines. Responds with obvious pleasure to friendly handling, especially when accompanied by nobbleful tickling, child-friendly run-in and singing. 6 MONTH OLD Physical Lying on back, raises head up and moves arms up to be lifted. When hands grasped, braces shoulders and pulls ego to sitting.Sits with support with head and back straight and turns head from side to side to look around. cigarette roll over from front to back (prone to supine) around 5 6 months and usually from back to front (supine to prone) a little later at around 6-7 months (Bly 1994). Placed on abdomen, lifts head and chest well up, supporting ego on extended arms and flattened palms. Bears weight unit on feet and bounces up and down actively when held in supported standing with feet pitiful hard surface. shopping mall colour is established. Teeth may appear. Moves head and eyes eagerly in every direction when direc tion is distracted. Eyes move in unison.Follows peoples activities across room with purposeful alertness Communication Vocalises tunefully to self and others, using sing song vowel sounds or single and double syllables i. e a-a goo. Laughs, chuckles and squeals loud in play. Screams with annoyance. Shows recognition of carers facial expressions such as happy or fearful and responds selectively to emotional tones of voice. Intellectual/Cognitive Immediately stares at interesting small objects or toys within 15 30 centimetres. Shows awareness of depth. Stretches out both hands simultaneously to grasp, adjusts arm and hand posture to preference of the object.Uses whole hand to palmer grasp and passes toy from one hand to another. Drops one object if another is on offer. Listens to voice, even if handsome not in view. Turns to source when hears sound at ear level. Social, emotional and behavioural Shows a happy response to rough and tumble play. Reacts enthusiastically to often repeated games. Shows anticipation responses if carer pauses before high points in nursery rhymes and other action songs. When offered a rattle, reaches for it immediately and shakes deliberately to make a sound, often regarding it closely at the same time.Still friendly with strangers but sometimes shows some shyness or even slight anxiety when approached too nearly or abruptly, especially if familiar vainglorious is out of sight. righteous 9 MONTH OLD Physical Pulls self to sitting position. Sits unsupported on the floor and merchantman adjust body posture when leaning forward to pick up and wangle a toy without losing balance. Can turn body to look sideways while stretching out to pick up toy from floor. Progresses on floor by rolling, wriggling on abdomen or crawling. Pulls to standing, belongings on to support for a few moments but hatfulnot lower self and falls backward with a bump.Held standing, steps purposefully on alternate feet. Only needs a bit of support when sitting on parents or carers lap and being dressed. When being carried by an adult supports self in upright position and turns head to look around. Can reach and grab a moving object by moving towards the anticipated position of the moving object. Picks up small object between finger and thumb with inferior minor grasp. Enjoys casting objects over the side of cot or cfuzz. Communication Shouts to attract attention, listens then shouts again. Babbles loudly and tunefully in long repetitive strings of syllables e. dad-dad mum-mum. Responds when forebode is called. Understands no and bye bye. Reacts to wheres mummy/daddy? by looking around. Intellectual/Cognitive Shows misgiving of things that are usually connected, e. g plays with cause and effect toys and pulls on a string to get the connected toy (casual taking into custody). Looks in correct direction for falling or fallen toys (permanence of object) the empathizeing that objects insure to exist even when they cannot be se en, heard or touched. Jean Piaget argued that this was one of an infants approximately important accomplishments.At 9 months the baby forms multiple appendixs as they pass increasingly independent, becoming clingy and look for their primary carer. Bowlby (1969) believed attachment is characterised by specific behaviours in children, such as seeking proximity with the attachment figure when upset or threatened. Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emmerson (1964) discovered that babys attachments develop in demos. Social, emotional and behavioural Throws body back and stiffens in annoyance or resistance, usually protesting vocally at same time. clear distinguishers strangers from familiars and requires reassurances before accepting their advances, lings to known person and hides face. Still takes everything to mouth. Plays peek-a-boo and imitates hand clapping. Offers food to familiar people and animals. Grasps toys in hand and offers to adult but cannot yet give into adults hand. Puts h ands on breast or around bottle or cup when drinking, tries to grasp spoon when being fed, enjoys babbling with a mouthful of food. AGE 12 MONTHS Physical Sits on floor for indefinite time. Can rise to sitting position from lying down with ease. Crawls on hands and knees, shuffles on buttocks or bearwalks rapidly fairly the floor.May crawl upstairs. Pulls to standing and sits down again, holding onto furniture. Walks around furniture lifting one foot and stepping sideways. May stand alone for a few moments. Walks forwards and sideways with one or both hands held. May walk alone. Fine Motor skills has a mature grasp, picks up small objects with neat pincer grasp between thumb and tip of index finger. By 13 months reaching and grasping puzzle co-ordinated into one smooth action e. g closing of hand starts during approach and well before touching the object. Communication Babbles loudly and incessantly in jargon.Shows by behaviour that some wrangling are understood in usual con text i. e car, drink, cat. Understands wide instructions with a gesture, such as come to mummy. Will follow the gaze of an adult ( occasion visual attention). Points to objects and then looks back to the adult for a reaction, for the purposes of requesting or eliciting a comment from the adult (Tomasello 1995). Intellectual/Cognitive Drops and throws toys forwards deliberately and watches them fall to backcloth. Looks in correct place for toys which fall out of sight. Points with index finger at objects of interest.Uses both hands freely but may show preference for one. Holds two toy bricks, one in each hand with tripod grasp, and bangs together to make noise. Locates sounds from any direction well. Immediately responds to own put forward. Will put objects in and out of cup or box when shown. Plays pat-a-cake and waves good-bye. Demonstrates understanding by use of objects, e. g hair brush (definition by use). Social, emotional and behavioural Takes objects to mouth less often. Very little, if any, drooling of saliva. Likes to be insight and auditory modality of familiar people. Demonostrates affection to familiars.Enjoys joint play with adults, actively switching attention between objects and adult (co-ordinated joint attention). Shows recognition of familiar tunes by trying to join in. 18 MONTHS Physical Walks well with feet only slightly apart, starts and stops safely. Runs carefully, head held erect in midline, eyes fixed on ground 1-2 metres ahead but finds difficulty in negotiating obstacles. Pushes and pulls large toys or boxes along the floor. Enjoys climbing and provide climb forwards into adults chair, then turn around and sit. Walks upstairs with helping hand and sometimes downstairs.Kneels upright on flat surface without support. Flexes knees and hips in squatting position to pick up toy from floor and rises to feet using hands as support. Communication Chatters continually to self during play, with conversational intonation and emotional inflections. Listens and responds to spoken communications addressed instantaneously to self. Uses between six and twenty recognisable words and understands many more. Echoes prominent or last word in short sentences addressed to self. Hands familiar objects to adult when requested (even if more than one preference available). Obeys simple instructions, i. shut the door, get your shoes. Beginning to give notice of urgent toilet needs by restlessness and vocalisation. Bowel control may be attained but very variable, may advert wet or soiled pants. Intellectual/Cognitive Picks up small objects immediately on sight with delicate pincer grasp. Recognises familiar people at a distance and points to distant interesting objects when outdoors. Enjoys simple picture books, often recognising and putting index finger on boldly cooured items on page. Turns several pages at a time. Holds pencil in mid or upper shaft in whole hand in a pronated grip.Spontaneous to and fro scribble and dots, u sing either hand alone or sometimes with pencils in both hands. Builds tower of three cubes after demonstration and sometimes spontaneously. Enjoys putting small objects in and out of containers and learning the relative size of objects. Beginning to show preference for using one hand. Assists with medical dressing and undressing, taking off shoes, socks and hat. Social, emotional and behavioural Explores environment energetically and with increasing understanding, no sense of danger. No longer takes toys to mouth. Treats dolls and teddies as babys, ie hugging, feeding etc.Still casts objects to floor in play or anger, but less often and seldom troubles visually to verify arrival on target. Exchanges toys, both co-operatively and in conflict with peers. 2 YEAR OLD Physical Runs safely on whole foot, fillet and starting with ease and avoiding obstacles. Squats with complete steadiness to rest or to play with an object on the ground and rises to feet without using hands. Pushes an d pulls large wheeled toys easily forward and usually able to walk backwards displace handle. Pulls small wheeled toy by chord with obvious appreciation of direction.Climbs on furniture to look out of window or to open doors and can get down again. Walks upstairs and downstairs holding onto rail or wall, two feet to a step. Communication Uses fifty or more recognisable words appropriately and understands many more. Puts two or more words together to form simple sentences. Can understand verbal instructions and react to them and begins to listen with obvious interest to general conversation. Knows and uses their own name and talks to self continually during play but may be not understood to others. invariably asks names of objects and people, joins in nursery rhymes and action songs.Can carry out simple instructions i. e go and get your teddy and put it in the bag. Intellectual/Cognitive Shows increasing understanding of size of self in relation to size and position of objects in the environment and to enclosed spaces such as a cupboard or cardboard box. Good manipulative skills picks up tiny objects accurately and quickly and places down neatly with increasing skill. Can match square, circular and triangular shapes in a simple jigsaw. Holds a pencil down near towards the point, using thumb and first two fingers, mostly uses preferred hand. Builds tower of six or seven cubes.Enjoys picture books, recognising fine details in favorite pictures. Turns pages singly. Can name and match pictures with toys or with other pictures. Social, emotional and behaviour Follows parent/carer around the bear and copies domestic activities in simultaneous play i. e hoovering. Extremely curious about environment, turns door handles and often runs outside without thought of common dangers. Constantly demanding parent/carers attention. Clings tightly in affection, fatigue or fear although resistive and rebellious when stopping them doing something they enjoy.Tantrums when f rustrated or in trying to make self understood, but attention is usually readily distracted. Defends own possessions with determination. Resentful of attention shown to other children particularly by own familiars. Moral May take turns but as yet little predilection of share either toys or attention. AGE 3 7 YEARS Physical At this stage, children allow be able to carry out more co-ordinated movements e. g walking up and down stairs, moves rhythmically to music, grips powerfully with either hand, throws and catches a ball well.They leave alone be finish their skills developed so far and testament have more control over fine motor skills such as writing, cutting and drawing. Children will be more confident in activities such as running, hopping and kicking a ball and using larger equipment. Throughout this time children should be out of nappies and toilet trained for both day and night. Communication Speech becomes fluent, loves to be read and told stories. Gives full name, age and birthday. Delights in reciting or singing rhymes and jingles, enjoys jokes and riddles.As children become more social and have wider receives, they start to use an increasing number of familiar phrases and expressions. They will also ask large numbers of questions and will be able to talk about things in the away and future tenses with greater confidence. Defines concrete nouns by use. Shows sense of humour in talk and social activities. Intellectual/Cognitive This will be a period of development in which children are becoming masterly at aspects of number and writing, as well as continuing to learn about their world, they will take over be looking for adult approval and learning to read.Throws and catches a ball well, plays all varieties of ball games with broad ability, including those requiring appropriate placement or scoring according to accepted rules. Builds elaborate models when shown, holds cubes with the ulnar fingers tucked in and the hand diagonal to get a better view. Can cut a strip of composition neatly using scissors, can colour pictures neatly, staying within outlines. Can use knife and fork fitly. Becomes competent in riding first a tricycle, pushing the feet along the floor and then moving onto a bike with stabilisers, and finally learning to ride a bike without stabilisers.Social, emotional and behavioural Children will be developing their own identities and will be starting to play with their peers and socialise using imaginative play. This will help them to develop their concept of different roles in their lives. It is important that they are able to learn the immensity of boundaries and why they are necessary. They will also respond well to being given responsibility i. e class helpers, dinner money monitors and fruit monitors and will need adult approval. Chooses own friends, can play co-operatively with peers most of the time and understands the need for rules and fair play.Appreciates meaning of time in relation to da ily programme. Moral Shows concern for younger siblings and sympathy for playmates in distress. Understands taking turns as well as sharing. Children should have understanding of respecting each other and adults alike and understand boundaries and rules. AGE 7 TO 11 Physical Children between this age group enjoy participating in many sports, i. e playing football, being part of a football team in and out of school, going swimming, dancing, gymnastics etc.Communication By this stage most children will be fluent speakers of a language and will be developing and refining their skills of reading and writing. Their language skills will enable them to think about and discuss their ideas and learning in more abbreviation terms. Intellectual/Cognitive Children start to develop ideas about activities they enjoy, they will still be influenced by adults and are becoming fluent in reading and writing skills. They will be developing their own thoughts and preferences and will be able to tra nsfer information and think in a more abstract way.Social, emotional and behavioural Childrens friendships will become more settled and they will have groups of friends. in that location is some evidence to suggest that boys friendships are likely to be group based while girls prefer closer but fewer friendships. They will need to have the chance to solve problems and carry out activities which require more independence. They will still need praise and encouragement and will become more aware of what others may think of them. Moral AGE 12 TO 16 YEARS Physical deportment in this age range is complex.Children physically are changing and hormones might be affecting their moods. In addition, young people will be making the transition from dependence on family to independence. Communication progeny people should be encouraged to talk and negotiate their own boundaries, and be encouraged to be independent. Intellectual/Cognitive Young people will usually now have a clear idea abou t their favourite subjects or activities and will usually be motivated in these areas. They will be reflecting on their achievements and choosing their learning pathway.They may lack confidence or avoid situations in which they have to do less popular subjects, to the extent they may truant. Social, emotional and behavioural At this stage the self love of children and young people can be very vulnerable, their bodies will be taking on the out signs of adulthood but they will still need guidance in many different ways, they will want to be independent of adults and spend more time with friends of their own age, but can continue to display childish behaviour. It is particularly important to teenagers that they feel good about themselves and want to belong.Moral They can find that they are under the twinges of growing up and have increasing expectations and may be fainthearted on how to behave in different situations. Young people can find themselves caught between absent to re main in a group but not wanting to adopt the groups values and behaviour. AGE 16 TO 19 YEARS Physical Communication Intellectual/cognitive By the time they come to leave school young people will be thinking about career choices based on the pathway and subjects they have selected they will be able to focus on their areas of strength and look forward to continue to develop these as they move on.Social, emotional and behavioural Children drop off adulthood will still sometimes need advice and guidance from other adults. They will lack experience and individuals will vary in emotional maturity and the way in which they interact with others. Moral B. Explain the difference between The sequence of and the rate of development Each child is unique and will develop at their own rate, while they usually follow the same pattern of development the ages at which they reach them may vary.Milestones of development are given as a broad average of when children may be expected to attain a par ticular stage. You may notice in particular classes or year groups, some children may stand out as they have reached milestones earlier or later than other children. Sometimes if childrens growth patterns are very different from their peers this may have an effect on their behaviour. For example children in the last two years of primary school may become taller and develop some of the first signs of puberty.Girls in particular can become much taller than boys and this can put pressure on them to behave differently. There may need to be additional provision made in these cases for example when getting changed to PE there may also be pupils who are very tall or very small for their age and this can sometimes affect how they are treated by their peers. It can also affect social and emotional development. The patterns of development discussed here should therefore be seen as a guide to help you draw up an overall idea of these different stages. Why is it important to understand this dif ference

Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 18

Maggie st ard at her wildly.Youwhat?I should father told you earlier, Aradia verbalize. ButI didnt check he was your brother until my mind became clearer. Youre a lot alike, scarcely I couldntthink properly to compose it to targether. She added,quickly and with stern gentleness, But, Maggie, I dont want to get your hopes up. I dont think theres a great deal chance hes every last(predicate) right.Maggie went good-tempered. Tell me.He in reality saved me before you ever did. I wascoming to this valley, but I wasnt alone-therewere several other witches with me. We didnt inhabit where the pass was exactly-wed solely man aged to get incomp permite information from our spiesin hunter Redferns household.Maggie controlled her respiration and nodded.It was Samhain evening-Halloween. We werewandering around in the oecumenical area of the pass, severe to find a spell that would reveal it. All wedid was set send off an avalanche.Maggie stopped breathing entirely. An avalanche?It did nt hurt your brother. He was on the road,the place we should have been, if wed only known.But it did kill the others in my party.Oh,Maggie whispered. Oh, Im blue-bloodedI wasnt seriously hurt, but I was completely dazed. I could feel that the others were dead, butI wasnt sure where I was anyto a greater extent. And that waswhen I heard your brother sh forbiddening. He and Sylvia had heard the avalanche, of course, and they cameto see if anyone was caught in it.Miles would always stop to help people, Maggiesaid, however almost in a whisper. Even if they only needed batteries or socks or things.I cant consecrate you how grateful I was to hear him.He saved my life, Im sure-I would have wandered around dazed until I froze. And I was so happy torecognize that the girl with him was a witch She grimaced.Huh, Jeanne said, but non unsympathetically.I bet that didnt last.She recognized me, too, immediately, Aradiasaid. She knew what she had. A hostage to bargainwith all the other witches . And to buy credit withHunter Redfern. And of course, she knew that she could stop me from seeing Delos.All she cares about is power, Maggie said lightly. I heard hertalking-itsall about her, and how the witches have given her a bad deal becauseshes non a Harman or something.Aradia smiled very faintly. Im not a Harman byname, either. But all true witches are daughters of Hellewise Hearth-Woman-if they would righteous translate it. She shook her head slightly. Sylvia was so excited about finding me that she couldnt resist explaining it all to your brother. And he wasnt happy.No, Maggie said, burn with such fierce pride that for a moment the rimy cell seemed untoughened to her.Shed only told him before that she was taking him to some secret place where legends were stillalive. But now she told him the truth about theDark Kingdom, and how she wanted him to be apart of it. She told him that it could be theirstheir own private haven-after Delos left with Hunter Redfern. He could become a lamia orshapeshifter, whichever he liked better. They wouldboth be part of the iniquity World, and they couldrule here without any interference.Maggie lifted her cash in ones chipss helplessly, gesticulate themin agitation because she couldnt find words. How stupid could Sylvia be? Didnt she know Miles atall?Miles wouldnt care about any of that, she finally got out in a choked example.He didnt. He told her so. And I knew right awaythat he was in hassle with her. Aradia sighed.But there was cryptograph I could do. Sylvia played it very cool until they got me down the mountain.She pretended all she cared about was getting meto a doctor and ranking the rangers about my friends. But once we were in her apartment, everything changed.I remember her apartment, Maggie said slowly.The people there were weird.They were Night People, Aradia said. And Sylvias friends. As soon as we were inside she toldthem what to do. I was trying to explain to Miles,to see if we both could g et away, but there weretoo many of them. He do himself in between meand them, Maggie. He said theyd have to kill himbefore getting to me.Maggies chest felt not so much tight now asswollen, like a drum barrel full of water. She couldfeel her vegetable marrow thudding slowly inside, and the wayit echoed all through her.She steadied her articulation and said, Did they killhim?No. Not then(prenominal). And possibly not ever-but thatsthe part that I dont know. All I know is that theyknocked him out, and then the two slave tradersarrived. Bern and Gavin. Sylvia had move for them.And they must have come fresh from kidnappingP.J., Maggie thought. What wonderful guys.They knocked me out. And then Sylvia boundme with spells and practiced with her truth potions on me. She didnt get much information, becauseI didnt have much information. there was no armyof witches coming to invade the Dark Kingdomright now, I heed there were. And she already knew that I was coming to see Delos.Aradia s ighed again and finished quickly. Thetruth potion poisoned me, so that for days later on I was delirious. I couldnt really understandwhat was going on around me -I just faded in andout. I knew that I was being kept ina warehouse until the weather cleared enough to take me to thevalley. And I knew that Miles had already been disposed of-Sylvia mentioned that before she left mein the warehouse. But I didnt know what she haddone with him-and I still dont.Maggie swallowed. Her heart was still thumping in that slow, heavy way. What I dont understandis wherefore she had to set up a whole scenario to explainwhere he went. She let some rangers find her onthe mountain, and she said that he fell down acrevasse. But if he was dead, why not just let himdisappear?I think I know the answer to that, at least, Aradia said. When Miles was fighting them off he saidthat his roommates knew hed gone climbing withher. He said that if he didnt come lynchpin, theydremember that.Yes. It do sense. Every thing made sense-except that Maggie still didnt know what had becomeof him.There was a long silence.Well, he was brave, Jeanne said finally, andwith unexpected seriousness. If he did die, he wentout the right way. We just ought to hope we cando the same.Maggie glanced at her, trying to read the angularfeatures in the darkness. There was no take out ofmockery or sarcasm that she could see.Well, Cadys changed into Aradia, Maiden of allthe witches, and Ive changed into the Deliverernot that Ive been much good at it, she thought. But I think maybe youve changed the most afterall, JeanneYou know, I dont even know your last name,she said to Jeanne, so abruptly and so much offthe subject that Jeanne reared can a little.Uh-McCartney. It was-it is?CMcCartney. Sheadded, I was fourteen when they got me. I was at the mall playing fist of Death at the arcade. And Iwent to go to the bathroom, and it was down this long empty corridor, and the next thing I knew Iwas argus-eyed up in a slave trad ers cart. And now you know everything, she said.Maggie put out a hand in the dimness, Hi,Jeanne McCartney. She felt the cold grip of slen der, callused fingers, and she shook Jeannes hand.And then she just held on to it, and to Aradias soft warm fingers on the other side. The leash of themsat together in the dark cell, slave, clement, andwitch Maiden-except that were really all just girls,Maggie thought.You didnt tell me one thing, Maggie said suddenly. Whatd they callyou when you simoleonsed working here? What was your job?Jeanne snorted. Second Assistant Stable Sweeper.And. now you know everything. Maggie didnt think she could possibly sleep in aplace like this, but after the three of them had sat quietly for a long time she found herself dozing. And when the rattle of the dungeon door startledher, she realized that shed been asleep.She had no belief what time it was-the flare wasburning low. She could feel Aradia and Jeannecome elicit beside her.Dinner? Jeanne muttered.I jus t hope its not PJ.- Maggie began, andthen broke off as firm, determined steps sounded on the stone floor of the corridor.She recognized the pace and she stood up tomeet Delos.He stood outside the cell, the dying torchlightflickering on his dark hair, catching occasionalsparks off his golden eyes. He was alone.And he didnt waste time getting to the point.I came to see if youve decided to be tenable, he said.Ive been reasonable from the beginning, Maggie said quietly and completely seriously. She was searching his face and the slight link she felt between their minds at this distance, hoping to findsome change in him. But although she felt turmoilthat was almost anguish, she also felt the steel ofhis resolve.I wont let you be killed. Nothing else matters.Maggie felt her shoulders sag.She turned slightly. Aradia and Jeanne were stillsitting on the bench, Aradia motionless, Jeannecoiled and wary. But she could tell that they bothfelt this was her fight.And theyre right. If I cant do i t, zero canBut how?Theyre people, she said, gesturing toward theother girls, but watching Deloss face. I dont knowhow to get you to see that. They matter, too.He hardly glanced back at them. In the time ofdarkness that is coming, he said, as carefully as ifreciting a lesson, only the Night People will survive. The ancient forces of magic are rising. Theyvebeen asleep for ten thousand years, but theyrewaking up again.A low voice, not belligerent, but not alarmed either,came from the back of the cell. close to of us believethat gentleman can learn to live with magic.Some of you are idiots and fools and are goingto die, Delos said, without even looking.He stared at Maggie. She stared back at him.They were willing each other ashard as possible to understand. And I think hes got a stronger will, Maggiethought, as she broke the locked gaze and looked away, thumping the heel of a clenched fist against her forehead.No. Thats not right. Im hard Neely and I neergive up.If I tell him tha t some things are worth dyingforBut I dont think hes afraid to die. Hes justafraid for me. And he just wont listen if I say that Id rather die than see some things happen. Butthats the truth. There are some things that you just cant allow to happen, whatever the cost. There are some things that have just got to be stopped.She froze, and the cell seemed to disappeararound her.She was seeing, in her minds eye, an equallydark and uncomfortable little cart. And her ownvoice was saying, Jeanne. Its got to stop.Feeling very light-headed, she turned toward thebench. Jeanne? Come oer here.Jeanne straightened and walked up doubtfully.She looked into Maggies face.Maggie looked at her and then at Delos.Now you show him, she said in a voice thatwas like her own voice, but older and much grimmer,what his Night People do to slaves who try to escape. give care you showed me.Jeannes expression was inscrutable. She went onstaring at Maggie for a moment, then she raisedher eyebrows and turned around .She was exhausting the same slave tunic she hadbeen wearing for the last four days. She lifted it upin the same way and showed Delos her back.He took one look and reeled back as if shed hit him.Maggie was braced, but even so the backlash ofhis shock and horror nearly swamped her. Shegrabbed on to the crusade bars of the cell and waitedit out, teeth gritted while her vision went fromblack to red to something like a normal gray.Who did this?Delos managed finally, in a voice like ground glass. He was dead white, except forhis eyes, which looked black in contrast. Who?Jeanne dropped her tunic. I thought you didnt care about vermin. And she walked away without answering him, leaving him speechless.Maggie watched her sit down, then turned back.Some things have got to be stopped, she saidto Delos. Do you see what I mean? Some thingsyou just cant let go on.And then she waited.I knew he didnt know that kind of thing washappening, she thought, feeling vaguely glad in avery tired, sad, and distant way. But its good to see it proved.The silence stretched endlessly.Delos was still staring at Jeanne. He had stomach ahand through his hair at some point it was disheveled and falling over his forehead. The skin of hisface seemed to be stretched, very tight and his eyeswere burning gold.He looked as if hed completely lost his bearings,and he didnt know what to put anymore. And then he looked at Maggie.She was still standing there, waiting and watching. Their eyes met and she realized suddenly thatshed never seen him so vulnerable-or so open.But if there was one thing Prince Delos had, it was resolution. After another moment of helplessness, she dictum him straighten his shoulders and draw himself up.And, as usual, he got directly to the point.Youre right, he said simply. And I was wrong.There are some things that have got to be stopped.Maggie leanedagainst the bars and smiled.Ill get the key, he said, and then went on,briskly planning. I want the three of you out ofthe ca stle, at least, before I confront Hunter.You cant do it alone, Maggie began.Sheshould have known hed immediately start arranging everybodys life again. E supererogatoryly not with yourpower blocked-Theres no reason for you to be in any moredanger than you have to be, he said. Ill send youoff with some of my people who can be trusted-Im afraid that wont be possible, a voice saidfrom the corridor.It gave Maggie a horrible jolt. They were all tired,and all caught up in the moment, and none of themhad seen the figure until it was almost behindDelos.Hunter Redfern was standing there smiling. Sylvia was behind him. And behind them,crowdedtogether, were armed guards.Weve had to dispose of the fewer idiots who insisted on remaining unwavering to you, Hunter said amiably. His eyes were shining like the purest gold.The castle is now under our control. But do go onwith your plans, its very sweet to hear you trying to save each other.And its no use trying to pretend, Sylvia addedspitefully. W e heard everything. We knew you couldnt be trusted, so we let you come down here on purpose, to see what youd say.For psyche whod known Delos a while, shedidnt understand him very well, Maggie thought.Maggie could have told her that pretending was thelast thing that would occur to Delos. Instead he did what Maggie knew he would he launched himself at Hunter Redferns throat.Delos was young and strong and very angry but it was no contest. After Sylvia had squeaked and withdrawn, the guards all came to help Hunter. After that it was over quickly.Put him in with his friends, Hunter said, brushing off his sleeves. Its a real pity to see my onlysurviving heir come to this, he added, once Deloshad been kicked and thrown into the cell. For amoment there was that note of genuine feeling in his voice that Maggie had heard before. Then the golden eyes went cold and more bitter than ever. I think tomorrow morning well have a very special hunt, he said. And then there will be onlythree Wild Pow ers to worry about.This time, when the guards left, they took all theflares with them.Im sorry, Maggie whispered, trying to inspectDeloss bruises by touch alone. Delos, Im sorryI didnt know It doesnt matter, he said, holding her hands.It would have happened eventually anyway.For a lamia, you didnt put up much of afight, Jeannes voice came from the back of the cell.Maggie frowned, but Delos turned toward herand spoke without defensiveness. That witch bound more than just the blue fire when she putthis spell on my arm, he said. She took all myvampire powers. Im essentially a human until she removes it.Aradia? Maggie said. Can you do anything? Imean, I know only Sylvia is supposed to be able totake the spell off, but Aradia knelt beside them, graceful in the darkness. She touched Deloss arm gently, then sighed.Im sorry, she said. Even if I were at full power, theres nothing I could do.Maggie let out her breath.Thats the only thing I regret, Delos said. ThatI cant save you.You have to stop view about that, Maggiewhispered.She was filled with a strange resignation. Itwasnt that she was giving up. But she was very tired, physically and emotionally, and there wasnothing she could do rightnow.And maybe nothing ever, she thought dimly. Shefelt something steadying her and realized it was Deloss arm. She leaned against him, glad of hiswarmth and solidity in the darkness. There was a tremendous comfort in just being held by him.Sometimes just having fought is important, shethought. Even if you dont win.Her eyelids were atrociously heavy. It felt absolutely wonderful to close them, just for a moment She only woke up once during the night, and thatwas because of Delos. She could sense something in himsomething in his mind. He seemed to beasleep, but very far away, and very agitated.Was he work my name? she wondered. I thought i heard that He was thrashing and muttering, now. Maggieleaned close and caught a few words.I love you I did love you always remember that Delos She shook him. Delos, what are youdoing?He came awake with a start.Nothing.But she knew. She remembered those wordsshed heard them before she had actually met Deloson the mountain.It was my fancy. You were going back intime somehow, werent you? And giving me thatdream I had, inform me to get away from thisvalley. She frowned. But how can you? I thought you couldnt use your powers.I dont think this took vampire powers, he said,sounding almost guilty. It was more-I think itwas just the bond between us. The soulmate thing.I dont even know how I did it. I justwent to sleepand started dreaming about the you of the past. Itwas as if I was searching for you-and then I foundyou. I made the connection. I dont know if its ever been done before, that kind of time travel.Maggie shook her head. But you already know it didnt work. The dream didnt change anything.I didnt leave as soon as I woke up in the cart,because Im here. And if I had left, I would never have met you, and then you wouldnt h ave sentthe dream.I know, he said, and his voice was tired and abit forlorn. He sounded very young, just then. Butit was worth a try.