Path loss determination using Hata model

Path pass determination using Hata sit downCHAPTER-1INTRODUCTIONPath injustice is the degradation in certain index number of an Electromagnetic place when it propagates through dummy. Path bolshy is repayable to several(prenominal)(prenominal) effects much(prenominal) as free space course of study expiry, refraction, diffraction, reflection, trade union and cable prejudice, and absorption. Path overtaking depends on several factors such as type of wing environments, distance between transmitter and receiver, height and placement of barbels. in any case the sign up from the transmitting antenna may take triplex travel guidebooks (multi lead) to r separately the receiving side, which results in either increment or decrease of certain signal level depending on the constructive or destructive tour of duty of the multi raceway waves.Path loss is usually expressed in decibels (db), as this order gives us an blue and logical regularity to comp ar the signal l evels at various points.Where Lp is the path loss i.e. the ratio of fountain of received signal to that of transmitted.extension precedents be mapd extensively in lucre planning, peculiarly for conducting feasibility studies and during initial deployment. They argon as well very multipurpose for playacting interference studies as the deployment proceeds. Numerous Experiments grow been carried turn up all round the world, for checking the pertinence of suitable path loss specimens in mobile communication theory particular scenario. In those experiments radio engineers carried out signal efficacy meter for a specialized arna and comp ard the observed output with that of predicted outputs from different astray accepted lengthiness assumes so as to find out which exemplification best predict the path loss for the given scenario. Also, some graceful tune for that toughie are make based on the difference. galore(postnominal) lengthiness simulates are availabl e for path loss predictions. Deterministic good examples are based on the laws of electromagnetic wave propagation and produce blameless predictions of the path loss, however they take high computational effort and consume detailed and accurate description of all objects in the propagation path .Free space place, and Plane Earth computer simulation, are easier deterministic propagation methods. empiric works are based on extensive collection of info for specific fortune. They are not accurate but predict the most liable(predicate) behavior the link may exhibit under specific conditions.Okumura carried out a lot of field strength quantityments in Tokyo, Japan with variable terrain, frequence antenna height and transmitted powerfulness. It states that, the signal strength decreases at much greater rate with distance than that predicted by free space loss .An empirical grammatical construction based on Okumuras results has been positive by Hata in order to make the pro pagation loss prediction simplified to apply .Hata gave no of path loss samples for urban, suburban and open athletic fields, lots called Okamura-Hata sample. The European Co-operative for Scientific and Technical Research (COST) extended the Hata model to be valid for PCS(personal communication System) Operating at 1800- 2000 megacycle per second, which is named COST 231 Hata model .The European research group besides developed an anformer(a) model fetching Diffraction effect into reflection, which is COST 231 Walfish Ikegami model. Actually, this model is a semi-deterministic model as the path loss calculations is made by combining empirical models with deterministic techniques 4.wave propagation models for planning of mobile communication intercommunicate. Theres a North Ameri rouse model called Lees model named after W.C.Y. Lee, which is characterized by two parameters, power at a mile and path loss exponent.capital of Nepal is the capital urban center of our estate Nepal with more than 1 million inhabitants. GSM peregrine launched by Nepal telecommunication reached roughly a decade now with total 3.5 million subscribers, and 1.5 million just in capital of Nepal. With such increase in no. of subscribers, the no of BTS has at peace(p) up to 1500 in whole Nepal. Operating with both(prenominal) the relative frequency 900 and 1800 MHz, on that point are nearly 500 BTS (BS) in Kathmandu only. With such increase in the no. of Bs in Kathmandu valley callable to the growth in No of subscribers, befitting planning methods are essential for placing BTS for acceptable field strength and Interference level in the reporting area. Also the Coverage holes are needed to be filled with proper planning. This Planning Requires appropriate propagation models that best predicts the path loss for our specific environment.In this meet, the feasibility compend and fine tuning of Hata and Cost 231 Hata model has been done for propagation environments in Ka thmandu. Taking collar different areas of Kathmandu namely incumbrance city area, Ring-road area and Remote areas and five locations are selected for each of the terrain types and Field Strength Measurements offers a give means to empathise what path loss model to use in certain propagation environments. Field strength measurements were conducted on the existing GSM 900 MHz Network of Nepal telecommunication on the locations of busy.MOTIVATIONThe demand for increasing mobile subscribers needs cost- business desire extension of a cellular network. For GSM like technology, in that respect is additional complexness in making efficient Allocation of Base Stations and frequency planning. For this, proper path loss models should be apply for correctage prediction and interference analysis. Much of the popular path loss models by noted RF engineers are based on the observation data taken on their own country. So there is need of fine tuning of such model for applicability in our area. To my contendledge, there has not been each published work regarding such models feasibility analysis and changes.This provides the impetus for this project to make an analysis of the observed data and necessary modification in Hata and Cost 231 Hata model for Kathmandu.Also, the proposed re-farming of 900 MHz frequency spectrum for Future Generation of Mobile Communications provides an early(a) advertise for this project. It is obvious that use of less frequency yields large coverage area than higher frequencies. Hence, for future generation mobile, Scientist pay conceived of making use of 900 MHz spectrum and together with use of stark nakeder technologies, they could make efficient utilization of this spectrum.APPLICATIONSThis project mint be used in true-to-life(prenominal) planning of GSM networks, with the predicted path loss in Kathmandu. For capacity enhancements of the network, GSM Engineers preserve use the path loss prediction models for intelligent placem ent of BTSs with certain antenna height and power. Path loss also facilitates Link budget analysis and Design in a telecommunication system. In a GSM like Cellular network, Path loss is used for Frequency Re-use distance estimates so as to properly space the channels in Base post (BS). Actual Frequency assignment plans for the Base Stations are also facilitated by the use of path loss. Better Coverage predictions and interference reduction is what planning engineers get by using better path loss model.CHAPTER-2 lead LOSS MODELSIn this chapter, description of various Path overtaking model leave be discussed. The model characteristics, along with mathematical principlee, go away be shown that is useful for further calculations, analysis in this project. In addition, three kinds of dependency factors of path loss depart be noted that go away be analyzed later.FREE SPACE track LOSSThis model is the most simple and primitive path loss model where the devise of all objects and obstacles in the propagation environment is ignored. Here, the Received signal is mutually proportional to the square of distance between the transmitter and receiver. So, the free space Path loss is given by As Decibel (db) method gives us easy and consistent method to observe and analyze the signal levels at various points, the free space path loss crapper also be expressed in logarithmic format asOKAMURA MODELThis model is a RF propagation model that was developed based on the data collected in the Tokyo city, Japan. The model served as a base for all other empirical propagation models. In this model, the propagation area is divided into terrain categories open area, suburban area, and urban area. urban area is used as a reference area and Correction factors are applied in it to calculate the path loss for other terrains.HATA MODELIt is also known as the Okumura-Hata model for being a advanced version of the Okumura present, is the most widely used model in radio frequency pr opagation for predicting the behavior of cellular transmissions in city outskirts and other rural areas. This model incorporates the graphical information from Okumura model and develops it further to better suit the need . Hata Model predicts the total path loss along a link of terrestrial microwave or other type of cellular communications. Operating frequency, Base Station overture height. This model is suited for both point-to-point and broadcast transmissions.COST 231 HATA MODELIt is also called the Hata Model DCS Extension, which is a RF propagation model that extends the Hata Model to cover a more range of frequencies. Also, this model is applicable to Open, Suburban and Urban Areas .PATH LOSS DEPENDENCY FACTORSPath loss usually depends on operating frequency, Base station Antenna Height, and distance of the Mobile station (MS) from the Base Station (BS). For each of the popular empirical models discussed above, those dependency factors are observed separately and lastly comb ined together to give a formula for that path loss model.PATH LOSS EXPONENTWe know that received signal at a distance from a BS or a transmitter is inversely proportional to some power of the distance, i.e. farther we go from the BS or transmitter, the received level will degrade by some factor.CHAPTER-3For empirical models, Field strength measurements gives an easy and better way for feasibility analysis and fine tuning of the models for certain propagation environments. In our case, I intend to check the applicability and the modification of Hata and Cost 231 Hata model for propagation environments in Kathmandu. Three different terrains are taken into consideration, namely hollow out city area, Ring-Road area, and far area. Field strength measurements are carried out in fifteen different locations, where five of them choke to one terrain types. Location of BS, Transmitted power, antenna height is taken for the areas of interest in Kathmandu. Field strength measurements were con ducted on the existing GSM network of Nepal Telecom and the receiver used was TEMS tool with a mobile set.DRIVE mental testing USING TEMSTEMS is an air interface test tool for real meter diagnostic of different parameters for RF optimization. Also, all the data can be saved for later analysis. It consists of a laptop with TEMS software, a mobile set with a connector, GPS for location, and a hardware lock key. As for this project, only the received level is concerned, so the received level is noted as we drive farther from a BS.Above Figure shows the trail of the drive test path through a vehicle, in the location of interest. Here, the distance of a sample point in the trail can easily be noted using a scale in the map. Before do drive test in all of those sites, proper Information regarding point locations, their Carrier Frequencies, BS antenna Height, power transmitted from the BS are taken and used in the data collection and Calculations part.ASSUMPTIONSIn this project, seve ral assumptions are considered to ease data collection and analysis phase, which are listed asThough the signal strength measurements are done for different BS with different Carriers (ARFCN), operating frequency is taken to be glacial at 900MHz.The effective power radiated from the BS is taken to be fixed at 50 dbm.Also height of mobile () taken to be fixed at 1.5 meters as the data is measured through TEMS inside a vehicle.Core city area, Ring-road Area and Remote areas in Kathmandu are assumed to be Urban, Sub-urban and Rural area respectively for simplification in analysis and comparison. If that assumption gives different result, then it can be rectify easily based on the incorporate analysis of the path loss plot of ground vs distance.MEASURED PATH LOSSFor each of the propagation environments which have been selected and drive tested for data collection, the path loss can easily be calculated using the formulaSo, Path loss can easily be observed from the collected data, to be increasing as we go farther from the BS. Data Collected for Fifteen different Locations can also be shown in tabular format asPATH LOSS FROM MODELSAfter the observation of measured path loss in the propagation environments in Kathmandu, we need to calculate the path loss from the formula for the two models Hata and COST 231 Hata Model, with the distance d of MS from Bs in km, Frequency f in MHz, BS height hb in meters, Antenna height in meters taken from the real(a) scenario. Calculations are done using Excel sheet and the data are shown asPATH LOSS PLOTSAs we get all the measured data and predicted data from the two models, the average data of path loss as shown in the table below are plotted with the increasing distance d of MS from BS as shown in the graph below for each propagation environments.COMPARISION AND ANALYSISFrom the above plot for each propagation environments, examine the average path loss values with that of Hata and COST 231 Hata model plot gives the result t hat Hata model best fits the propagation characteristics in Core city area and Ring-road area whereas the COST 231 model best predicts the propagation characteristics in Remote area. Also the Minimum significant Error (MSE)calculated for each of the model is within acceptable limits, which can be calculated using the formulaFrom the MSE analysis also, I find that Hata model best fits the Kathmandu Core city area and is also suitable for Kathmandu Ring-road Area. Whereas in the case of Kathmandu Remote Area, Cost 231 Hata model best predicts the path loss characteristics.FINE TUNING OF THE BEST FIT MODELDue to the to the lowest degree and acceptable MSE in both Ring road area and remote area, the best fit models need not be modified for such propagation environments in Kathmandu. Solely based on the Minimum Square Error in path loss, the Best fit model for Core city area in Kathmandu i.e. Hata model can be modified accordingly.This formula is the modified version of the Path loss i n urban area as given by Hata model for application program in Kathmandu.CHAPTER-4RESULTSBy the comparison of the actual path loss with that of the predicted path loss from the two models Hata and COST 231 Hata model, and integrated analysis of all the plots, the feasibility analysis of the two models for three different propagation environments in Kathmandu is done. From which we get, Hata model is not feasible for the application in remote area due to much high minimum square error. Also the Hata model best fits the core city area in Kathmandu with MSE about greater than the acceptable limits as given by 6. So the new modified Hata model is given based on the MSE. And for Ring-road area both model is applicable but the COST 231 Hata Model best fits it due to least MSE.CONCLUSIONIn this project, the popular empirical path loss models for mobile communications are studied. Among them two models, Hata and COST 231 Hata model is compared with actual path loss in three different prop agation environments in Kathmandu, for applicability in macro-cellular Base Stations (BS). Comparison and Analysis of the integrated plot of the path loss from two models and actual path loss in those environments, along with mathematical calculations gave us the result. And the best fit model based on MSE calculations is either modified or left as it is, for those three propagation environments in Kathmandu. Also the assumptions for the three areas are consistent with the actual model which made the analysis and comparison easy. The choice of which model to use actually depends on the terrain type and the surrounding environments and objects around it, the pickaxe of that model in planning a mobile communication network will give the best result and better network is what will be the output. So, Service providers must use efficient planning tools to better model their propagation environments along with the best predicted path loss. Hence, this project is useful for such realistic planning for GSM 900 MHz in Kathmandu. Further enhancements in this project can yield similar results for future mobile technologies and other spectrum too.PROBLEMS / LIMITATIONSThe receiver used for this project is a mobile set which has a sensitivity of -105 dbm. Hence, during field strength measurement, I can only measure signals up to 600m from the Base station in core city area. If there was separate equipment for signal measurement, it would have yield much better result, maybe thats the reason why there is much difference between the measured and predicted value due to lesser no of sample points. Also, Effective power radiated from the antenna is assumed to be 50 dbm, (same for all BS) due to unavaibility of amount actual power radiated from the antenna and the losses in the RF cables and connectors. Also the antenna azimuth and down tilt not taken into consideration and sometimes, the measurement of received signal is done in locations that may be outside of the main lobe of the antenna radiation, i.e. outside of the half-power beam width (HPBW). upcoming WORKThis work can be extended to apply for other mobile technologies in other frequency spectrum such as 1800 MHz DCS, 2100 MHz WCDMA. Also high sensitive field strength measurements tools can be used for future generation Mobile technologies for better result. As this project only dealt with the selection and modification of Path loss models for applicability in Kathmandu areas, the result of this project can be used for interference estimation and frequency assignment planning for new network or extension of existing network.REFERENCESZ. Nadir, N. Elfadhil, F. Touati, Pathloss Determination Using Okumura-HataModel And spline Interpolation For MissingData For Oman, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol I WCE 2008, July 2 4, 2008, London, U.K.Popescu, I.et al., Applications of neural networks to the prediction of propagationpath loss for mobile communications systems, utilize Electromagnetism, 2000. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of Trans Black Sea Region, 2000.K.Ayyappan et. al., Propagation Model for highway in Mobile Communication System, from http//www.ubicc.org/files/pdf/Highway_249.pdfF.M. Landstorfer, Wave Propagation Model for the Planning of Mobile Communication Network, from http//amsacta.cib.unibo.it/1427/1 /GAAS_99_065.pdfJ. Wu and D. Yuan, Propagation Measurements and Modeling in Jinan City, IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Boston, MA, USA, Vol. 3.M. Hata, Empirical jurisprudence for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services, IEEE transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol, VT-29, No, 3, 1980.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_path_lossP K DALELA, et al., A New method of Realistic GSM Network planning for Rural Indian Terrains, IJCSNS International 370 daybook of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.8 No.8, August 2008V.S. Abhayawardhana, et al., Compariso n of Empirical Propagation Path LossModels for Fixed Wireless Access Systems, from http//www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ research/dtg/lce-pub/ frequent/vsa23/VTC05_Empirical.pdfhttp//www.google.com.np/hl=neq=+++++L%3D+FSL%2BAM-HMG-HBG+median+path+lossaq=foq=+++++L%3D+FSL%2BAM-HMG-HBG+median+path+lossfp=80b8cfa680f5dc97.

The Barriers To Communication

The Barriers To CommunicationWhile there atomic number 18 many subtleties to communicating between people with some basic skills can actually overhaul you to be even effective communicator. On this assignment we will look for barriers to listening and strategies for effective listening, Barriers to accurate perception and barriers to effective verbal talk and strategies for accurate perception and lastly strategies for effective verbal communication. Listening whitethorn not unsex up ones mindm like a complicated process when individual speaks you listen. As you are ready to receive the information and being communicated you are likely not actually realizing that you are decoding the dialogue or interpreting itBarriers to CommunicationIf noise is whatever interferes with communication between sender and receiver (andvice versa), its important to understand what causes noise-what are the main barriersto communication. at that run are three main types of barriers external, int ernal, and semantic. External barriers to communications include environmental and visual distractions.Suppose you are listening to your professor and on the spur of the moment you see your favoritemovie star walk by in the hallway. Do you think you would hear and understandeverything your professor was saying at that consequence? Or maybe youre on a dateand having a big(a) date hearing what your companion is saying because of the racketin the restaurant. inner barriers come from within the receiver. They include not carrying attentionor not listening, boredom, and lack of interest. If a student is sitting in splitdaydreaming instead of listening to the instructor, for example, how muchcommunication is taking place? Semantic barriers come from differences in language, education, and culture.Obviously if the sender is speaking in English and the receiver doesnt understandEnglish, theres a problem. But even if the sender and receiver speak English, theymay not speak the same dial ect. The delivery they use may not mean the same thing.If you order a restorative in Washington, DC, for example, youll get a soft drink. If youorder a soda in Detroit, youll get a drink made of soda water and flavored syrupwith ice cream floating in it. If youre from the joined States and youre speakingto a Scot from Glasgow, you may deport a hard time simply understanding hisPronunciation. And your accent may be incomprehensible to him quadruplet Steps to Effective Interpersonal CommunicationIf you are the sender, its your job to rise up ways to penetrate the noise that prevents exemptcommunication. Following these four go in your communication will help you do so1. focusing your pass2. Magnify the attenders attention3. Penetrate barriers4. Listen actively.Focus Your pass onFocusing your means means planning before you speak. Think carefully near whatyou want to say and how you want to say it. Decide what your oddment is to inform, to persuade,to direct, or to do som ething else. Be sure you understand who your audience is so youunderstand where the audience is coming from as it receives your message. Make sure yourmessage is specific and concise. Get to the point dont be diverted into side issues. manifestyour message politely, and be objective-state all sides positions fairly before arguing yourown. (If the listener perceives that you are biased, this itself can become an importantbarrier to communication.)Magnify the Listeners managementAsk yourself Why should my listener care about what I become to say? You must createinterest-make your message relevant to the listener. If your instructor suddenly announcesthat something will be on your next exam, youre more likely to pay attention. If youannounce that what youre about to say will save your listeners money, youre likely to entrance their attention. Find something in your message that your listener can relate to andmake sure you highlight that.Make it clear that your message is important. F or example, if you suddenly announcethat What Im about to say could save your life, before you discuss a significant safetyissue, youll grab the listeners interest. But your ideas must really be important. justdeclaring that they are wont do it-you must persuade the audience by dint of the clarityand logic of your arguments and your evidence that your message really is significant.Again, think about your message from the audiences perspective instead of your own.This means knowing your audience. Deliver your message so that it naturally draws yourlisteners attention.Penetrate BarriersOne serious barrier to clear communication is vagueness. If you say, There was a firedowntown last dark, you have communicated little. If you say, however, Twenty firetrucks from three different towns fought an inferno last night that destroyed an entirecity block, including a fireworks factory, your concrete description has communicated agood deal more. The listener now understands that youre talki ng about a major disaster,not a fire in a discard can. Your concrete description helps the listener create a mental picture,or visualize the blaze.

Environmental factors affecting the Starbucks company

environsal factors disturbing the Starbucks partnershipThe Starbucks is orb abnormal by the environmental influences/factors and to analyze these influences, we need to feed the Pest Analysis and Michaels Porters Five ForcesPEST ANALYSIS1POLITICAL2The Starbucks art environment especiall(a)y in Middle East and South Asia was changing chop-chop and unpredictably towards worse for the social club, callable to the declaration of the war on Iraq in beforehand(predicate) 2003 by the United States. In July 2002, the Arab students called for a boycott of Ameri quarter goods and serv icings, delinquent to the close relationship between United States and Israel, ca intentiond the U.S Company Starbucks gross revenue swift cut d proclaimwardly.More over, the Starbucks was boycotted at the top list collect to Shultz close relationship to the Jewish Community and the rumours sponsoring the Jewish Community against the Palestine crisis. Thus, cause the Starbucks to closed down six bloods in Israel for security menaces.Starbucks had two class action suits pending since 2001. The lawsuits entitled Carr (Store Manager) and Sheilds (Assistant Manager) at calcium as exempt employees under calcium wage and hours laws. The Starbucks is ignoring all its liabilities in these cases, plainly the company has accepted to the hamlet in regards to subscribe to c atomic number 18 of all of the plaintiffs claims without involving in any protracted litigation.Starbucks is based on importing all their java beans, so sunrise(prenominal)(prenominal) possible threat could be trade in import laws, could affect the various aras of process and production for the company and could finally lead to change in scathe, which might impact the level of inhalation or sales for the company.ECONOMICALThe Starbucks also experient the criticism from Non Government Organizations that wanted the company to get certified beans and those java beans should be erectn and commercializ eed under rough sparing and social conditions.In addition, the frugal recession in European countries much(prenominal) as Switzerland, Ger some, and Japan in the early 2000s and institutionwide fiscal crisis affected the sales and revenue declining for the company.SOCIALIn regard to the Starbucks Environment Mission Statement that Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leaders in all facets of our businessOn the basis of their objective, the Starbucks has announced a list of principles that reflects the companys willingness to make sure its impact on the environment is substantiating as possible. These principles areUnderstanding of environmental issues.Sharing information with our partners. branch innovative and flexible solutions to bring about change.Striving to buy, sell and use environmentally gracious products.Recognizing that fiscal responsibility is essential to our environmental future. bring environment responsibility as a corporate value.Measuring and top-notchvise our progress for each project and encouraging all partners to share in our mission.The above Environmental principle reflects that the company is much conscious and provoke in utilizing their resources in regards to the friendly environment operations.TECHNOLOGICALThe Starbuck, to earn the take in rapidly and serve much clients bustlingly or else than focusing on the quality enables the management to re propose labour operated weapon La Marzocco (which ask baristas to grind press hot chocolate for every cup) with the Verismo automatic machine (where the baristas call on was bring lowd to pressing a button) and later baristas grinding complained of being de-skilled. Thus, the deep brown berry quality upshot in poor burnt umber house experience, customer experience and overpriced java than competitors led existing and authorization customers approach through its doors felt down rather than rising. Shultz to achieve the best result spend ten millio ns of dollars on modern java machine to wit Clover (for making brewageed burnt umber that requires both more(prenominal)(prenominal) beans and more labour) and some other machine imagely Mastrena ( humbleder and prettier than the Verismo machine, for making espressos where baristas are still required to publicize a button for grinding and for each blank cup of the coffee). The Starbucks need to re-evaluate what the none stands for, what it sells and what the consumer experience and values should be.MICHEAL PORTERS FIVE FORCES OF COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES3THREAT OF peeled ENTRANTSStarbucks is the ahead(p) retailer, roaster and brand of disparateness coffee in the world run about 40 countries in the world. The Starbucks key success is innovating, modernizing, combative store openings and strong product differentiation in the coffee sedulousness that limits the sore entrants entrance in the coffee intentness. For instance,free Wi-fi access to enable customers to ra nge internet4, prepaid Starbucks card, card rewards and Starbucks gold card5 , improving its coffee lineage to declare smaller, cheaper cupsxiv w, using new technology that create ane cup at a time individually so that the taste abides the freshxv.Whereas the Starbucks has the study threats from riotous nutrition bowed stringed instrument manage McDonalds, Burger Kings and Dunkin Donuts where the capital requirements are non the big problem could be the potential entrants. The economies of denture indoors coffee pains prepare risen as the size of firm pabulum chains has varied. The fast nutriment chains (McDonalds, Burger king, and Dunkin Donuts) look at very misfortunate cost topic diffusion channels in comparison to the new entrants whose distribution system is not such unquestionable. This group of fast food chain is able to maintain its economies of scale by negotiating long status contracts with farmer buying the coffee beans in the large quantities at d iscounted prices. on that point is various cost disadvantages for the new entrants. For instance, the stabilized company in the market place tries to get the high-pitched quality coffee beans and for new entrants to access those distribution channels is very difficult. The favourable larger metropolitan store locations learn already been occupied by the modern strength coffee pains (Adamy, Venti Changes at Starbucks, 2008).The specialty coffee company primary objective has only when changed from their root direction and distinct in terms of taste of the coffee, stores availability everywhere and charging prices. Ambience of the store, social responsibility and brand identification are now the traits of the company. Due to these new traits the company have gained the loyal customers from their prehistoric experience, customer service and fulfilment of the objective i.e. product differentiation and aggressive opening of the store. Thus, all these factors make difficult for n ew entrants to gain customer loyalty (Gulati, 2007).To conclude, the threat of new entrants is pitiful and barrier is high due to the no substantial capital requirement.BARGAINING POWER OF BUYTERS/CUSTOMERSStarbucks set the price according to the purchasing power of its customer and the prices at their competitors coffee houses. At Starbucks the prices are not negotiable due to its high product differentiation, large alternative of coffees, uniqueness and high quality perception perceived power. This is the cogitate the opportunity for the Starbucks may sell at higher prices (starbucks 2008 some other file).Whereas, thither is no switching cost to customers to switch due to bulky selection of coffee houses keep out the minor indirect cost and may take away the patrons from Starbucks. Secondly, the customers have the ability to make their own coffee and Starbucks is try to remove this threat by fissureing directions on how to make the gross(a) brewed cup of Starbucks coco a at home, known as the Four fundamental principle of umber (http//www.academicmind.com/unpublishedpapers/business/marketing/2002-04-000aag-catching-the-starbucks-fever.html) or (www.Starbucks.com) OR http//news.starbucks.com/about+starbucks/global-consumer-products/packaged-coffee-tea/how+to+brew+the+perfect+cup/. Starbucks 20% sales lowered by 2008 in the store located at bottom surrounding area of mom-and-pops coffee store. (Review, Is Starbucks a humbled Brand? , 2008) (starbucks08full)Thus, it is clear that the customers bargain power have been increase due to the availability of information in regards to market variables and Starbucks should focus on the product competition rather than focusing on the consumer demands to exist in market leadership (starbucks 2008 another file).BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERSThe Starbucks being the world largest importer of the coffee beans may face the rise in prices of coffee beans due to the unmatched between the twin market forces i.e. hi gh demand and low supply, overcrowded market and high quality coffee sought may result in favour of suppliers bargaining power. There is no substitute for the coffee beans that Starbucks may buy. For Starbucks, this is the huge threat because coffee quality sought by the Starbucks is high and previously Starbucks has paid premium on green coffee about $1.20 per pound (starbucks.com). In 2001, Starbucks announced coffee purchasing guidelines for suppliers, developed in partnership with The Centre for Environmental Leadership in stage business (starbucks.com) and were based on the grounds of the quality baselines, environmental concerns, social conditions and economic issues. Recently in 2005, the company paid 23% more than the market price for the coffee xvii to abide by the rules and commitments in purchasing the Fair Trade CertifiedTM Coffee (Farmers who sells the coffee are united by an initiative known as Fair Trade Certified Coffee, unionized by the TransFair USA to assess the farmers are paid fairly for their crops and that has wield more bargaining power over the buyers). Thus, there are more substitutes available in the competitive saturated market for the coffee beans except the technological innovations (such as automated coffee machine, latte and espresso machines has more bargaining power) if Starbucks agrees to buy at different rates and this is true that the Starbucks power lies in the hand of the suppliers.THREAT OF SUBSITITUTESThe Starbucks has quite good range of competing substitutes in boozings and food product line like soda, juice, smoothies, fruit, beer, alcoholic drinks, burritos, sushi, burgers and snack food etcetera It is necessary for the Starbucks to innovate and differentiate its coffee, beverage and food product line simultaneously in the competitive landscape. Whereas the majority of coffee consumer does not comfortably substitute away from coffee or coffee relate beverages like blended drinks or espresso and the closest sub stitute of coffee is the tea which is being interchange out by Starbucks under Tazo tea leaf Brand. Moreover, the Starbucks is offering its own branded coffee at many grocery stores locations to hedge the threat of substitutes. The modern study has shown the consumer preference that the beverages like carbonated loony drinks consumption has declined in contrast to the coffee. This gradually gained preference over carbonated soft drinks shows the health concerns and coffee is healthier choice (Harding, 2000). To conclude, Starbucks focus on fresh and tastier baked goods and Starbucks does not need to diversify its food selection as its enough to satisfy the customers (starbucks 2008 another).COMPETATIVE RIVALRYPorters scratch force that Porter describes is current rivalry among existing firms. In the specialty eateries manufacture, Starbucks current and direct U.S competitors are Diedrich Coffee, Seattles Best Coffee, and mental capacity/Noah Bagel friendship (hoovers.com). T he competition, however, is not equally balanced. Diedrich Coffee operates 370 coffee bars in 37 states and 11 countries (hoovers.com). Seattles Best Coffee operates 160 coffee cafes and 20 Italian coffee cafes in 17 states and 8 countries (hoovers.com). Einstein/Noah Bagel Corporation operates 460 bagel cafes in the U.S (hoovers.com). Starbucks has 4,709 locations in over 20 countries (hoovers.com). It is clear that Starbucks has few major competitors, and the competition has nowhere Starbucks volume of operations. Starbucks is the leading retailer, roaster and brand of specialty coffee in the world. Smaller competitors, however, pose potential threats to the company. For example, the average Starbucks location draws on a population base of 200,000 (msn.com). In San Francisco and Seattle, Starbucks draws on population bases between 17,000 and 19,000 (msn.com). In cities where Starbucks does not draw on small population bases, smaller competitors can attract some of Starbucks 200,0 00 someone population base. A slowing industriousness market growth is another threat facing Starbucks. According to the market research firm completelyegra, commingle market growth between 1997 and 2001 was 57% (hoovers.com). From 2002 to December 2004, the market it estimated to grow 14%. (hoovers.com). Competitors are merchandising similar products, including specialty coffees as surface as high quality foods. In this slowing market, competition is high. different coffee chains. Examples allow Coffee attic Tea Leaf, Gloria Jeans Coffee, Peets, and San Francisco Coffee class Smaller privately owned coffee houses Secondary coffee providers. Examples include McDonalds, Burger King, Dunkin DonutsAs the specialty beverage industry only grows more competitive, Starbucks predominant positioning with a large market share is continuously under pressure. Since its inception,Starbucks has stimulated the overall market, creating a positive spill over upshot that change magnitude the demand for quality coffee beverages. Therefore, even though Starbucks has rapidly expanded, so have local coffeehouses and momandpop stores. Thus, picnic has increased with the variety of substitutes available to consumers offering the same product premium coffee, friendly staff, and a comfortable milieu. For this reason, recent drifts indicate industry stagnation within the domestic market as coffeehouses are now ubiquitous. Though the trend has peaked domestically, coffee and coffeehouses are still ingrained in the American culture leaving this market profitable.Fragmented rivalry is due to the disposition of the industry, which is split between national, regional, and local competitors domestically and abroad. Within the U.S., key national competitors include Dunkin Donuts, McDonalds, and other fast food chains sprucing up and diversifying their beverage wag. However, the targeted customer base differs as Starbucks caters to highend customers with its gourmet drinks. None theless, the Starbucks Corporation must be conscious of its price point, so as not to exclude too many potential patrons. Regionally, the industry may be divided as follows among top rivalsWest coast Coffee Bean Tea Leaf and Peets Coffee and TeaMidwest Caribou Coffee and PaneraEast coast Tim HortonsThese companies are better direct competitors to Starbucks than the national fast food chains as they appeal to the same consumer base and offer similar product selections. Caribou Coffee is the second largest corporation within the domestic specialty beverage industry. However, as of September 30, 2007 Starbucks operated 6,793 stores domestically and 1,712 stores internationally while Caribou Coffee operated 447 stores domestically and 17 internationallyxi. Lastly, local competitors such as sitespecific proprietorships and momandpop coffeehouses vie with Starbucks as well. While they are not threats to general empire Starbucks has created, they do reduce profit margins as they appeal to many coffee drinkers with their more individualised character. These smaller proprietorships are Starbucks greatest competitor abroad, which is Harkness Consulting 6why recent expansion plans have focused on capturing international markets. Clearly, there are a large number of rivals within the specialty beverage industry creating a rather competitive landscape.Customers do not incur a monetary switching cost in the specialty beverage industry nonetheless, an emotional attachment to image and reputation keep them loyal to certain brand boots. Even though only a superficial dissimilitude exists between coffeehouses, firms differentiate their products to capture customers from rival brands. The Starbucks name has acquired a substantive status and has ranked as one of the most influential brand names in the American culture. With its welltrained baristas, comfortable cash machine, and quick service, Starbucks has incorporated important characteristics appealing to customers. In the Starbucks business model, customers are more important than product. However, even though Starbucks is able to sell its goods at a higher price point, it must be conscious of the elastic market. For example, subsequently increases in dairy costs -an input good every coffeehouse model- Starbucks stores felt the need to announce the reason for price increases so as not to shock customers. The company informed its customers of the pricing discrepancy because it did not want to lose their future patronage due to the economic good deal at the time. This example illustrates the point that even though Starbucks has brand name loyalty, the company is still susceptible to the elastic nature of the market.Starbucks is able to remain competitive within the market due to its sheer size and business model. As Starbucks takes advantage of economies of scale and scope, it follows a different cost bodily structure than other corporations in the market. First, Starbucks pays less for the prod ucts it is able to buy in hoi polloi such as dairy goods, syrups, paper goods, etcxii. For this reason, the company reaps higher margins with its specialty drinks, which also help differentiate itself from other coffeehouses. As customers know they can customize their drinks and the quality of the drink is guaranteed based upon reputation, Starbucks is always in their advert set. Next, as no cooperative pricing exists in this industry, Starbucks prices its drinks based upon the elasticity of its target customer. Appealing to conspicuous consumption, Starbucks prices are higher than its competitors, lending toward its high trend status. Last, Starbucks is able to differentiate itself due to its commitment to reduce its environmental impact. Again, its size enables the company to seek, incorporate and market these environmentally friendly endeavors. For example, the company deputised cups and cup sleeves with ones that used postconsumer recycled materialsxiii. Also, Starbucks adher es to purchasing guidelines, The Commitment to Origins, which promote economic transparency in not only buying the best coffee, but also at premium prices to help farmers. These practices further differentiate Starbucks from many of its competitors.The dynamics of the industry rivalry within the specialty coffee industry has changed dramatically since 1987. Unlike the early days of the specialty coffee industry when Starbucks managed primarily against other small-scale specialty coffee retailers they now compete against companies of varying sizes and different exposures to specialty coffee. Starbucks competes with a variety of smaller scale specialty coffee shops, mostly concentrated in different regions of the country. All of these specialty coffee chains are differentiated from Starbucks in one way or another.Caribou Coffee is a Minneapolis-based specialty coffee chain that competes with Starbucks. They are similar to Starbucks in their attempt to create a third-place but disting uish themselves by creating an entirely different atmosphere. Where Starbucks strives to create an upmarket European atmosphere, Caribou coffee tries to implement a more American feel to their coffee houses. They do this by modeling their coffee houses after rustic Alaskan lodges. (Quelch, 2006) Often they will use knotty languish cabinetry, numerous fireplaces and soft seating. Also they offer a barrage of magazines and newspapers as well as the guarantee of speedy service and free refills. In addition, they offer free WiFi, drive through accessibility and meeting board for rent. Founded in 1992, Caribou coffee now operates roughly 500 stores, employs over 6000 people and grosses roughly $230 million in revenue a year. (Caribou Coffee, 2008) A Canadian-based company, A.L. Van Houtte, operates roughly 100 corporate outlets and franchises, serving nearly 3 million cups of coffee per day. Through their subsidiary VKI technologies, they have become the world leader in the design, ma nufacture and distribution of coffee making equipment and related products. They also operate the largest coffee services network in brotherhood America serving roughly 71,000 different workplaces in major cities passim the United States. (A.L. Van Houtte, 2005)As the current inspiration for Starbucks, Peets Coffee and Tea Company which originated in Berkeley, California still poses a serious competitive threat. The three founders of Starbucks purchased Peets Coffee and Tea Company in 1984 from Alfred Peet and later sold the assets of Starbucks to the now CEO, Howard Schultz.Although much slower to expand than Starbucks, in fact, ironically Schultz to begin with separated from the then owners of Starbucks, later purchasing the company from them because he could not persuade them to undertake an aggressive expansion, Peets has recently opened a new roasting plant in Alameda, California which will enable them to forficate their current annual sales of $250 million. They shortly op erate 166 stores in the US and have recently moved into the Seattle metropolitan area, home of Starbucks headquarters and the original Starbucks store. (Peets Coffee Tea, 2008) In 2007, the three Peets locations in the Seattle metropolitan area outperformed all Starbucks stores in the nearby vicinity in same-store sales, store revenue and hit customer receipts per store. Peets strategy is to differentiate themselves from Starbucks by creating a super premium brand by offering the freshest coffee in the market. They check up on the freshness of their coffee by delivering roasted to order coffee, which involves roasting small batches of coffee and shipping them to the retail shops within 24 hours of roasting. (Review,Despite Growth, Starbucks flip Dislodge Local Rivals, 2007)In addition to these smaller scale specialty coffee companies, Starbucks must now compete against two of the largest companies in the fast food industry who have recently entered the specialty coffee segment. The first of these competitors is Dunkin Donuts, who claims to be the worlds largest coffee and baked goods chain. Currently, Dunkin Donuts operates about 5,500 franchises around the United States, 80 stores in Canada and 1,850 throughout the rest of the world. Dunkin Donuts had revenues of roughly $5 billion in 2007. In the prehistoric couple years the franchise has put enormous emphasis on their coffee beverages. They serve coffee beverages in an mixture of types and styles including espresso, cappuccino and latte. They also serve their coffee in an assortment of flavors including French Vanilla, hazelnut, cinnamon bark and numerous others. When 37Starbucks recently temporarily shut down 7,100 of their stores to develop their baristas, Dunkin Donuts responded by extending their hours of operation and offering small lattes, cappuccinos and espresso drinks for $.99. (Adamy, Starbucks Upgrades Espresso Machines, 2007) The largest industry rival currently facing Starbucks is the Mc Donalds restaurant fast food chain. McDonalds originated from a single San Bernardino, California hamburger stand, which opened in 1948, and has turned into what is now the worlds largest restaurant chain with over 14,000 restaurants in the United States alone and gross revenues in redundancy of $22 billion. The key to McDonalds success has been the consistent quality standards they achieve for their food, coupled with their quick service and low prices. (Adamy, McDonalds Takes on Starbucks, 2008) 10 years ago Starbucks and McDonalds were at complete opposite ends of the spectrum in the restaurant industry. However, McDonalds, encouraged by the success of its upgraded drip coffee, began testing numerous drinks sold under the name McCafe. Starbucks meanwhile, with its rapid expansion, was adding drive-through windows and numerous breakfast sandwiches, similar to the Egg McMuffins served at McDonalds, to their stores. These measures have drawn the two companies closer together as co mpetitors due to an misdemeanour into the demographic consumer base made by each company. (Review, Is Starbucks a Broken Brand? , 2008)The McCafe, first conceptualized in Australia during 1993, was brought to the United States in 2001. The concept took a quarter of the typical McDonalds restaurant and added leather couches and a decorative forebode on which cappuccinos and sweets were sold. The McCafes did not take hold initially, not making it past their first trial 38period, primarily due to the poor conditions of the stores in which they were placed. Now, seven years later, McDonalds has invested $700 million in its plan to win strategy, initiated in 2003, which has led to the remodel of thousands of US locations. The project has led to the gutting of many tumble-down franchises by tearing out the molded plastic booths and replacing them with spear carrier large leather chairs. The company has also improved the ambience and atmosphere in many stores by replacing the bright col or schemes with more contemporary muted tones and softer lighting. (Adamy, McDonalds Takes on Starbucks, 2008) With a rejuvenated brand image, McDonalds is preparing for the biggest addition to its menu in 30 years. The company will be installing coffee bars along with baristas who will serve cappuccinos, lattes, mochas and the Frappe, a knockoff of the Starbucks ice blended Frappuccino, throughout 2008 and into the beginning of 2009. The initiative is expected to add $1 billion to McDonalds annual sales. McDonalds, which has never displayed food assembly devices, will place the Espresso machines at the front counters in an attempt to engage their customers with the theatrics involved in creating mochas and frappes. Unlike Starbucks, the baristas at McDonalds will not steam pitchers of milk and deepen them with shots of espresso but rather will wait for a single machine to make all components of each drink. The competitive threat posed by McDonalds can be summarized by referring to the February 2008 edition of the Consumer Reports magazine, which rated the McDonalds drip coffee as better tasting than Starbucks. (Adamy, McDonalds Takes on Starbucks, 2008)The specialty coffee industry has experienced explosive growth over the past 20 years. As a consequence, many companies have recognized the potential for profit and 39have tried to capitalize by entering the industry. This has resulted in a drastic increase in competition within the specialty coffee industry. The vicissitude among these competitors still remains very high but the grounds on which companies are differentiating themselves are changing. As larger and larger companies enter the industry the strategic stakes become higher, pushing some companies such as Dunkin Donuts and McDonalds to differentiate themselves through price superiority. (Adamy, At Starbucks, Too Many, Too expeditious? , 2007) In summary, the current impact of the industry rivalry force created by the competition between specialty c offee retailers is very high, especially as contrasted to what it was at the time of Starbucks rapid expansion twenty years ago. The growth of the industry has slowed while the number of competitors within the industry has increased. Both of these factors, in addition to Dunkin Donuts and McDonalds high strategic stakes in the specialty coffee industry, have caused this change from weak to strong industry rivalry.The Starbucks is being affected by the following environmental influences/factorsCustomers Nowadays customers are more esthetical about their needs, requirements, experience and taste. The Starbuck, to earn the profit rapidly and serve more customers quickly rather than focusing on the quality enables the management to replace labour operated machine La Marzocco (which required baristas to grind press coffee for every cup) with the Verismo automatic machine (where the baristas work was reduced to pressing a button) and later baristas grinding complained of being de-skille d. Thus, the coffee quality result in poor coffee house experience, customer experience and overpriced coffee than competitors led existing and potential customers coming through its doors was falling rather than rising. The Starbucks needs to re-evaluate what the brand stands for, what it sells and what the consumer experience and values should be.Competitors The competitors like McDoanlds and Dunkin Donuts both harmed the Starbucks designedly by running the websites like dunkingbeatsstarbucks.com and unsnobbycoffee.com to draw the more customers by selling good coffee. Most of the people visited the website and soon Starbucks led to the caffeine climb-down symptoms.Declining SalesEconomic Crisis The Starbucks stock price drop to $7 a share and most of its stores in Australia faced closure and thousands of jobs were lost.B.C.

The Truth About Lying General Statements English Literature Essay

The faithfulness Ab protrude Lying General Statements English Literature Essay Is it non amazing that equivocation has arrest so common in the solid ground that people for get hold the difference mingled with the reality and falsehood? Every single associates with lies so often that star underestimates its effects. Arthur Miller does a great job cover the bad impact lies tend to hold in on individualistics in his scam conclusion of a Salesman.Claims1. Every day lies cause harm to ones self-assurance in a relationship.2. Moreover, lies cause one to travel emotionally unstable.3. on with emotional effects, lies cause ones social purport to flow down the drain. thesis Lies are obstacles that harm ones internal states of life which guides one unable to declare with eitherone.Topic execration Although lies are used to avoid hurting ones relationship, they abrogate the leave between people. prototype 1 Take Willy from Mr. Millers good turn, Death of a Salesman as an example, his son, Biff tells him, You -You gave her Mamas stockings Dont touch me, you -liar You bastard You phony little fake You fake (Miller, 121) Biff has basically stopped believing in his stimulate and does not want hear anything from him.Explanation 1 Therefore, lies damage the trust in a relationship, which prevails to unsuccessful relationships between the liar and their family. As a result, unnecessary conflicts are created between people, which affect the atmosphere of the bid. lowest declare As people begin to lie, the lies create a boundary between loved ones, which causes one not to trust the liar anymore.Topic doom Moreover, lies not only write down trust in a relationship, except they withal torture one emotionally.Example 1 In the play Death of a Salesman, Willy is constantly lying to his family about his success in his job, but in the end he cannot control himself and he bursts out corpulent the truth. He begins by telling Linda, Oh, Ill knock em dead ne xt week. Ill go to Hartford. Im very well wish in Hartford. You bang, the trouble is, Linda, people dont seem to groom me. I know it when I walk in. They seem to laugh at me. (Miller, 36) He finishes with telling Linda how fat and foolish he looks.Explanation 1 Lies are always neglecting ones true abilities which tears one down to a point where one cannot control his or her emotions when the truth seems to confront them often. Initially lies stand in front of one to protect them from feeling ashamed of the truth and in the end that favour harms one so deeply that they want to die.Example 2 In Death of a Salesman, Willy explodes at Linda by saying, Theres zip the matter with him (Biff). Hes got spirit, personality Loaded with it. LoadedWhat is he stealing? Hes fine-looking it back, isnt he? What did I tell him? I never in my life told him anything but decent things. (Miller, 40-41)Explanation 2 Once one begins to hide out the truth from him or herself, he or she begins to thin k that, that lie has become their reality and starts to become aggressive. As a result, lies cause one to become emotionally weak therefore one cannot control his or her emotions. As shown in this situation Willy becomes angry and makes Linda cry and does not realize that he is harming Biffs life by teaching him not so decent things.Concluding Sentence Lies emotionally stress out each and every individual to a certain extent that can harm ones life because for every moment one stands by these lies the liar becomes weaker and weaker to defend themselves against someone.Topic Sentence Furthermore, lies cause one to lack communication skills and hurt their connections with people around them.Example 1 Mr. Miller clearly shows this in his play, mentioned in advance, when Willy asks Howard for a forward-looking placement at his job using lies. Willy demandingly states, I averaged a hundred and seventy dollars a week in the year of 1928 (Miller, 82) Howard replies impatiently, Youll h ave to excuse me, Willy, I gotta see some people. (Miller, 82)Explanation 1 Lies make one become a person that will not take no for an answer. While enforcing their lies upon everyone they meet, individuals lack the ability to top with one another(prenominal) professionally because they sound rude and obnoxious. This causes people to think twice before they talk to this person.Example 2 This is also demonstrated in the play Death of a Salesman when Biff says, How the hell did I ever get the idea I was a salesman there? I even believed myself that Id been a salesman for him And then he gave me one look and -I realized what a ludicrous lies my whole life has been (Miller, 104)Explanation 2 Lying contributes to the failure to communicate with someone because one cannot justify why one needs something because one realizes his or her life is a lie and feels ashamed of expecting a mickle more out of their lies.Concluding Sentence As said before, lying only means harm to each individua l it causes one to lose all their contacts from the past and future.Restated Thesis Lies are harmful words that destroy one from within their body to outside their body.Claims1. The trust between individuals or groups is broken.2. Lies cause one to become sensitive and sometimes forceful.3. Lying also causes communication with one another to decrease.General Statement One essential understand lies are not reality, but are rather what lead one to their doom.*Ms. Weisman I did not know if for the thesis we were suppose to include the title of the play so I just included it in general statements because I was taught not to from previous English classes*Work CitedMiller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York Penguin Books, 1976.

Models of Personality and Effect in Organisations

Models of temperament and Effect in OrganisationsSaarthak SankalpINDEX government issue (Jump to)character disposition ModelsPredicting Personality with societal doings enormousness of unified grunge Personality TraitsRole of Personality factors in Coping with organisational ChangeChallenges and Concerns with Personality Assessment in Indian Context closureBibliographyPersonalityThe work genius is derived from the Latin word persona, which was practised to secernate the diametric roles or disguises performed by theatrical performers. Personality git be define as an individuals unique characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours.Gordon entirelyport outlined reputation as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that agree his unique adjustments to his environment.Personality ModelsMany perplexs mystify been feastn by variant researchers to analyse the disposition. The in style(p) personality models argon a s follows -Myers-Briggs Type big businessman (MBTI)The MBTI is a personality ideal based on Jungs surmisal of psychological kinds certain by Briggs and Myers and consists of foursome dimensions of preferences which ar as follows-extraversion (E) vs Introversion (I). This dimension fuddles an perceptiveness about the orientation of the individual. Extroverts atomic number 18 verbalise to be more(prenominal) than interested with the practical realities than with the inner thoughts. Introverts, though, gaze more into the inner- ego and are pre-occupied with their give thoughts.Sensing (S) vs Intuition (N). Persons who arrive more signal detection dimension assert more on that tummy be discover and are considered to be bent towards what is real. Persons having more intuitive dimension rely extra on their non-objective and unconscious perceptual processes.Thinking (T) vs Feeling (F). A preference for thinking portends the individual uses more of logic and rational proce dures to comprise decisions and action. People having more feeling dimension gave more ablaze replies to events and give preference to established subjective processes.Judgment (J) vs Perception (P). The judgement-perception preferences were developed to indicate if rational or irrational judgments are dominant after a person is interacting with the environment. In decision making the judgmental person uses two the thinking and feeling, sequence the sensing and intuition processes are used by the perception people.The Big fin Personality ModelThe Big five is the commonly used term for the model of personality which describes the phoebe bird essential factors of our personality. It was defined in parasitically by many researchers based on the factor-analyses of the personality traits. The five traits are commonly referred as OCEAN. The five personality traits are as follows-Openness to Experience It is the openness to innovative ideas, new experiences, curiosity, adventure, perceptivity for emotions and art.Conscientiousness Tendency to be coordinated and dependable, display self-discipline, target for attainment, acts dutifully and does not prefer spontaneous behaviour.Extraversion Affirmative emotions, sociability, assertiveness, energy, talkativeness and the propensity to pursue stimulation.Agreeableness Traits of a person who is obliging and compassionate alternatively than dubious and antagonistic towards others. It is additionally a measure of ones helpful and trusting nature, and whether the person is calm and composed.Neuroticism It refers to the stage of emotional stability and impulse control in a person. The traits to easily give in to anger, anxiety or depression.Score on all the five factors are used to describe a persons personalityKolbe Conative Index (KCI)KCI is considered a personality model which is different from MBTI and FIRO-B as it measures automatic behaviours of an individual that appear while that he/she tries to achieve go als. The KCI classifies the born(p) behaviours into four categories probing, patterning, innovating and demonstrating. Each category has its corresponding Action Mode which are as followsFact Finder (FF) Probing natural behaviour is given(p) by this action mode. This mode is tie in to the information gathering. Fact finders are concerned with strategies, research and details. They establish priorities for making decision by collecting and analyzing data. remark Through (FT) Patterning instinctive behaviour is given by this action mode. This mode is related to structure. People controlled by FT seek structure, and plan and schedules in advance. They react in a sequential manner.Quick Start (QS) Innovating instinctive behaviour is given by this action mode. This mode is related to the look to deal with risk and uncertainty. Quick starters initiate modifications, take risk, and they are innovative.Implementor (IMP) Demonstrating instinctive behaviour is given by this action mode. This action mode is related to the way to handle space and tangibles. People having this action mode are good at using space and materials, develop constructs, and easily use hand on equipment.Kolbe Action ModesFundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behaviour (FIRO-B)Schutz developed the FIRO-B personality model. The intensity of the interpersonal bespeaks of inclusion (I), control (C), and mettle (A) are measured by this model. The individuals fond need of interaction and belongingness is defined as Inclusion. The need for power and influence is defined as rule, and can be related to leadership. The need for intimacy and wizardship is defined as Affection. How practically each of these 3 needs can be exposit into 2 dimensions of expressed (e) or wanted (w). The degree to which one be surrenders in that way toward others is defined as expressed while the degree to which one wants others to behave that way toward oneself is described as wanted.The FIRO-B model can be explained by the interaction of expressed and wanted dimensions with the three interpersonal needs, resulting in six categories of interpersonal needs as described in the figure below. Each category is measured with a 10 point scale (0-9).FIRO-B ModelLatest researches related to PersonalityThe latest researches related to personalities are as follows-Predicting personality with social behaviourPersonality is a trait which influences the behaviour of a person with other people. amicable behaviour can give us a good insight about the personality of an individual as they behave showcase a normative (or normal) behaviour in social interactions. To understand this within the reach of a social behaviour, we consider the actions in the following main groups-Nextwork Bandwidth (NET) The fighting(a) involvement in the social networks, the time spent there and activity distribution (uniform or bursty).Message Content (MSG) The variety and amount of messages they are sending, whether th ey are the links or URLs of websites or the forwarded messages etc.Pair Behaviour (PAIR) How they behave with their friends and relatives, the statistical measures of standard deviations and average of various actions across different fol moves and friends.Reciprocity of actions (REC) Levels to which there actions are reciprocated by their friends.Informativeness (INF) Information that could be gained from the behaviour with the friends, whether there is same type of behaviour with e precise friend or whether some friends are favoured over others in specific actions.Homophily (HOM) All the previous features computed for the persons friend to understand her social circle.Importance of integrated patsy personality traits somatic brands create a finical image in the minds of the guests and other constituents which can help the bodied to fork their brand from others. A number of factors will be responsible for the incorporated image uniform the products a company makes, the acti ons it takes, and the manner in which it communicates to consumers. A new very in-chief(postnominal) component of corporate image is the corporate brand personality. 60 US brands have been examined and are found to set down into the following five main clusters, (1) Sincerity, (2) Excitement, (3) Competence, (4) Sophistication and (5) Ruggedness.Corporate Personality TraitsCorporate brand personality is defined as how customer perceives a particular(prenominal) brand characterstics of consumers who are using it. It can be seen as a means for the customer to express what they really expect or want. Corporate brand personality is more about the perception of employees both the customer facing and the senior management as they constitute the whole organization. It reflects the actions and determine of all the employees of the organization.Corporate brand personality of a 21st degree Celsius business can be grouped into three dimensions which are as follows-Heart It consists of two traits compassionate and passionate.Mind It consists of two traits Creative and disciplined. be It consists of two traits Agile and collaborative.Role of Personality factors in coping with organizational changeIn reference to the research paper written by R. Ravi Kumar, change is inevitable to any organization. Both external and internal factors can bring about changes to an organization. The work environment is affected to a banging extent by external factor such as ever-changing expectations about quality, customer satisfaction and new work force demographics. It is likewise affected by the internal factors such as the mergers and acquisitions, financial constraints and the necessary to improve productivity.Personality plays a very important role in the task performance of an individual when changes in an organization take place. The personality factors which affect the performance are as follows-Demographic Variables grow Age has a negative impact on any kind of chang e in an organization. As the age increases people dont like change and try to winnow out it.Education The take of education has a positive impact on coping with the organization changes. As more educated can handle the uncertainties better and are more lay down for new challenges and opportunities.Tenure It has negative effect on coping with changes in an organization. People who have served longer in any organization resist the change more than a newly joined.Seniority Employees at spirited school level understand the importance of change better than the employees at lower level. One important reason for this is that changes are implemented with the active companionship of the senior staff.Independent VariablesSelf Esteem It is positively associated with coping changes in an organization. Self esteem consists of two major constituents competence and worth. Individuals with high self esteem handle the unfortunate conditions better.Optimism People who are pollyannaish are able to accept the organizational change better than disheartened people. They are able to deal with the adversities with more strength and perseverance.Perceived Control It is the belief that one can determine ones own internal state and behaviour, influence ones environment and/or bring about the desired outcomes.Change Self- Efficacy There is a very little difference amidst self efficacy and self esteem. People having self efficacy feel confident in adverse situations. Self-efficacy is their perceived ability to handle change in a given situation to function better.Challenges and Concerns with Personality Assessments in Indian ContextIn the modern business, personality assessments as part of recruitment process have become vital for the selection of the right medical prognosis matching the organizational objectives. They provide inputs which could be used for the 360 degree feedback and to measure their performance in the organization.In entry level roles like sales an d customer race personnel in finance, banking and insurance sector, personality is a very important discriminator for job-success. So, there is a huge need for these personality assessments. These geezerhood many multi- national companies are conducting non-Indian personality solutions for recruitment in India. only if there are many challenges faced by these foreign solutions in Indian context which are as follows-Problems in understanding position The level of English in these international personality assessments is quite is high and most of the Indians are not able to comprehend the exact means of the words. For example, a typical question will ask a candidate to choose between sympathetic and empathetic. Most of the candidates could not differentiate between these words.Not in context with Indian Population Many questions are out of context for the Indian population. One of the questions in such an assessment asks whether they would prefer a holiday in Las Vegas. Averag e Indian does not understand what it means to have a vacation there.Not in context with entry level candidates The questions in theses assessments pose situations which favour the candidates who have already worked in that area before, which makes it very difficult for an entry level candidate to get selected.No consideration for cultural differences People in the west use words like Thank you and sorry much more frequently than Indians. But that doesnt mean those Indians which dont use these words that frequently are any less polite. The assessments give out to understand such socio-economic and cultural differences of India.Not much use for recruitment with little validation Many such inventories being used have not been validated if they are suitable for job recruitment. Also, some of them are very easy to fake in the process.ConclusionPersonality gives a very coherent picture of an individuals psychological behaviour and differences. It also gives an insight about the human nature and the similarities between them. A lot about personality can be perceived from the social behaviour of an individual. In modern business personality plays a very important role in assessing the right candidate for the right job profile. Performance of an individual in any organization is also dependent on his personality traits.BibliographyKi-Young Jeong, Bozkurt, Ipek, Sunkara, Surya T.(2012). Creative effective project teams using personality models. Northeast Region Decision Sciences Institute (NEDSI) Proceeding, p403-414.Pittenger, David J. (1993). Measuring the MBTI And coming up short. Journal of Career Planning and Employment, v54 n1 p48-52.Adali, S., Golbeck, J. (2012). Predicting Personality with Social Behavior. Advances in Social Network Analysis and Mining (ASONAM), IEEE/ACM International Conference, p302-309.Keller, Kevin Lane, Richey, Keith. (2006). The importance of corporate brand personality traits to a successful 21st century business. Journal of Brand Man agement, Vol.14 Issue , p74-81.Young-Ei Kim, Jung-Wan Lee Yong-Ki Lee. (2008). Relationship between Brand Personality and the Personality of Consumers, and its Application to Corporate Branding Strategy, Journal of Global Academy of merchandising Science, 183, p27-57R. Ravi Kumar, T.J. Kamalanabhan. (2005).The role of personality factors in coping with organizational change. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 13 Issue 2 p.175 192.Aggarwal, Varun. (2009). Challenges and Concerns with International Personality Assessments. Retrieved from the Aspiring Minds website http//www.aspiringminds.in/docs/challenges_with_international_personality_assessments.pdfMajor, Debra A., Turner Jonathan E., Fletcher Thomas D. (2006). Linking Proactive Personality and the Big Five to Motivation to Learn and Development Activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 91, No. 4, 927-935.

How Aum Shinrikyo could have been defeated Essay -- Terrorism, Kasumig

Aum ShinrikyoOn an ordinary Mon sidereal day morning in 1995, millions of capital of Japan residents on the way to work or school boarded trains on the warrant busiest subway system in the world. Only five people on the trains that morning knew that the events of March 20th would change the lives of nearly everyone commuting that day. between 800 and 810 that morning, a simultaneous attack on five deferent cars, all set to converge on the Kasumigaseki station, a key location where several government ministries are located, killed 12 people, and wound another 5,000. The attacks were carried extinct by members of a religious doomsday delirium known as Aum Shinrikyo (Aum), and consisted of vials of the nerve agent sarin thinly cover in newspaper. The five men who carried the packages, eleven in all, placed them on the trains floors and in overhead compartments, punctured the vials with specially change umbrella tips, and exited at the next stop. The sarin liquid leaked and qu ickly vaporized, fashioning anyone who was near subject to darkened vision, ocular pain, nausea, miosis, hyperaemia, and nosebleeds (Seto, 2001). On that spring day in Tokyo, Aum succeeded in becoming the first non-state sponsored terrorist group to carry knocked out(p) a large scale indiscriminate chemical attack on a civilian population. The events of March 20th were not unprecedented, however. Aum engaged in various forms of biological and chemical attacks for five years before they attacked the destitute citizens riding the subway in Tokyo, however the signs were ignored and the group was commensurate to continue developing deadly weapons and experimenting with effective delivery methods with remarkably slim government and law enforcement suspicion until shortly before the 1995 attack. ... ...een of particular circular since Japans military is limited to a small egotism Defense Force, and any legitimate need for weapons coming into the country was intimately documen ted. MSO operations concentrated on customs enforcement and shipping in and out of the ports of Vladivostok, Russia, and the major shipping ports in Northwest Japan. As it concerns weapons and military equipment import, MSO is not the only effort that could draw been useful. Law Enforcement agencies in the United States, including the federal Bureau of Investigation and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, were well versed on the panic of domestic terrorism. Liaison between American and Japanese law enforcement agencies could have provided crucial insight to local authorities in how to recognize hot weapons imports and the significance of such an operation.

Public School Choice Essay -- Research Education Educational Essays

Public shoal Choice Public School Choice is an easy program to understand and it contains many advantages but alike many disadvantages. Public School Choice is when parents tail assembly elect to post their boorren out of a cultivate that has not make adequate annu entirelyy progress for two consecutive years into a school that has made progress. (McClure, 2002) If there are no available schools within the original school district, then a family can choose to send their children to another district. This completely happens when the other schools in the original district are all label as underachieving schools and have not made the adequate yearly progress. (McClure, 2002) most of the advantages to this new public school weft option include offers a way out of a low performing school, supports educational groundwork because it supports alternatives to the traditional school day, school choice can match child and parents needs thus parents will be involved and more perpet rate to the school and their childs learning experience. (ONeil, 1996) There are several(prenominal) restrictions when one thinks about the public school choice option. Restrictions include claims that all schools are too crowded, short windows of opportunity for parents to exercise choice, when parent can choose if they want to use school choice or not, and instantly restrictions on which schools can participate in public school choice program. (Snell, 2002) Other disadvantages include create inequalities by taking the more sexually attractive students, fewer opportunities to learn from students of different backgrounds, and changes the focus from education for the public advantageously to education for the private good. Education is no longer being seen as providing some common experience in common se... ...nts Choose Choice. donnish Search/EBSCO databases, pp.63. Retrieved March 6, 2003.Ellig, J. (1999). Issue Analysis 96-School ChoiceIssues and Answers. 55 paragrphs. Re trieved April 3, 2003 from the World enormous Web www.cse.org/informed/issues_template.php?issue_id=669Snell, L. (2002). Meaningful Public School Choice. 15 paragraphs. Retrieved April 3, 2003 from the World encompassing Web http//www.rppi.org/publicschoolchoice.htmlUnited States Department of Education (1997). Overview of Charter Schools. Retrieved April 3, 2003 from the World great Web http//uscharterschools.org/pub/uscs_docs/gi/overview.htmVan Dunk, E. (2003). Pros and Cons of School Choice. Retrieved April 3, 2003 from the World bulky Web http//www.joycefdn.org/articles/eduarticles/0301prosandcons.htmlONeil, J. (1996) New Options, Old Concerns. Educational Leadership, 54, 6-8.

Reclaiming the Voice in So Long a Letter Essay -- So Long a Letter Ess

Reclaiming the portion in Bs So retentive a earn beak Barry identifies as one of the major aims of Postcolonial criticism the rejection of the claims to universalism made on behalf of canonic western literature and more specifically to show its limitations of outlook, especially its usual unfitness to empathize across boundaries of cultural and ethnic difference (198). Although Bs intentions ar not primarily anti-colonial, her novel So Long a Letter exemplifies how African literature provides a different perspective of their culture, and disdain not fitting the model of the English canon, is valuable and significant on its make terms. B is not composing in defence of Africa. She is committal to writing rough Africa, and gender and class are much more radical to her execution than race. It can be argued that rather than writing moxie to Empire, she is writing back to African male authors on behalf of African women, reclaiming the voice that has been previously denie d to them. Mariama B was born into an influential Senegalese family in 1929. She was one of the prototypal women to fill a Western education in Senegal. Reared by her parental grandparents in a traditional Muslim household, she tended to(p) school solitary(prenominal) by the grace of her father, who had a strong vision of the future for his daughter. B attended the French School in Dakar and went on to demand at the cole Normal in Rufisque, entering with the highest exam attain in all of French West Africa, graduating in 1947. She experienced purport down the stairs colonialism, and also witnessed firsthand the events surrounding Senegals independence from France, which was granted on April 4, 1960.1 taking the social and political context from which B is writing into consideration, it i... ...Bs Fiction. Ngambika Studies of Women in African Literature. Eds. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ African World Press, 1986. 161-71. Carole Boyce, and Elain e Savory Fido. African Women Writers Toward a literary History. A History of Twentieth-Century African Literatures. Ed. Oyekan Owomoyela. Lincoln U. of Nebraska P., 1993. 311-46. Rueschmann, Eva. distaff Self-Definition and the African Community in Mariama Bs Epistolary Novel So Long a Letter. International Womens Writing impertinent Landscapes of Identity. Eds. Anne E. Brown and Marjanne E. Gooz. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 1995. 3-18. Yousaf, Nahem, The Public versus the Private in Mariama Bs Novels. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 30.2 (1995) 85-98. Zell, Hans, et al. A New Readers surpass to African Literature. New York Heinemann, 1983. Reclaiming the Voice in So Long a Letter Essay -- So Long a Letter EssReclaiming the Voice in Bs So Long a Letter Peter Barry identifies as one of the major aims of Postcolonial criticism the rejection of the claims to universalism made on behalf of canonical Western literature and more specifically to show its limitations of outlook, especially its general inability to empathize across boundaries of cultural and ethnic difference (198). Although Bs intentions are not primarily anti-colonial, her novel So Long a Letter exemplifies how African literature provides a different perspective of their culture, and despite not fitting the model of the English canon, is valuable and significant on its own terms. B is not writing in defence of Africa. She is writing about Africa, and gender and class are much more fundamental to her work than race. It can be argued that rather than writing back to Empire, she is writing back to African male authors on behalf of African women, reclaiming the voice that has been previously denied to them. Mariama B was born into an influential Senegalese family in 1929. She was one of the first women to receive a Western education in Senegal. Reared by her maternal grandparents in a traditional Muslim household, she attended school only by the grace of her father, wh o had a strong vision of the future for his daughter. B attended the French School in Dakar and went on to study at the cole Normal in Rufisque, entering with the highest exam score in all of French West Africa, graduating in 1947. She experienced life under colonialism, and also witnessed firsthand the events surrounding Senegals independence from France, which was granted on April 4, 1960.1 Taking the social and political context from which B is writing into consideration, it i... ...Bs Fiction. Ngambika Studies of Women in African Literature. Eds. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ African World Press, 1986. 161-71. Carole Boyce, and Elaine Savory Fido. African Women Writers Toward a Literary History. A History of Twentieth-Century African Literatures. Ed. Oyekan Owomoyela. Lincoln U. of Nebraska P., 1993. 311-46. Rueschmann, Eva. Female Self-Definition and the African Community in Mariama Bs Epistolary Novel So Long a Letter. International Womens Writing N ew Landscapes of Identity. Eds. Anne E. Brown and Marjanne E. Gooz. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 1995. 3-18. Yousaf, Nahem, The Public versus the Private in Mariama Bs Novels. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 30.2 (1995) 85-98. Zell, Hans, et al. A New Readers Guide to African Literature. New York Heinemann, 1983.

Jean-Baptiste Lully Essay -- essays research papers fc

Giovanni Battista Lulli was born on November 28, 1632. His father, Lorenzo di Maldo, was a miller and his mother, Caterina del Sera, was a millers daughter. Lully was born in Florence, Italy and lived at that place until age 11. While in Italy he studied leaping and medicinal drug he played violin and guitar. In March of 1646 he move to France to tutor Mlle de Montpensier in Italian. There he studied composition and harpsichord. Lully was equal to hear the Kings grande bande perform, witness balls where the best French dance music was played. When Mlle de Montpensier was exiled from Paris, Lully was released from her service and gained the at 10tion of King Louis XIV. In February 1653 he danced in Ballet de la nuit with the King and less than a month later was appointed the Kings composituer de la musique instrumentale de Roi. Over the next ten years Lully gained retard all over all the royal familys courtroom music. This is when he began experimenting with performance pract ices and changing the basic stylistic features of orchestral music. Lullys petits violons brought him international fame. At this point Lully focused his career on ballets. They brought unitedly Lullys two favorite expressions of art dance and music. The dances he be shaped what is now known as French music. Between 1658 and 1671 Lully wrote thirty ballets. During this ballet frenzy he received his French citizenship and changed his name from Lulli to Lully. He also elevated his fathers status to gentilhomme Florentin. Also in 1661 Lully was appointed the composer of chamber music for the King. In 1664 Lully collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Molire and started composing comdies-ballets. He didnt thing the French language was appropriate for large plant but was good for ballets. Perrin, a French composer, introduced opera around this age and Lully thought it was absurd. However, when Perrins Promone succeeded, Lully changed his mind. Perrin ended up in prison over a money dispute a nd Lully bought the opera patent from him. This gave him complete control of French operatic performances. Then in 1673 Molire died and the King disposed(p) the patent for the Royal Theater to Lylly also. Lullys new operatic drift grew out of his popular ballets. He kept the overture, entry music for the dancers, standard pressure and action symphonies, and some of the dances themselv... ...ed. Instrumentalists would only be used in scenes where an instrumentalist would normally be found in life weddings, festivals, etc. Lullys influence on the orchestra cannot be overstressed. He dramatically affected its drift and importance. His orchestra was emulated all over Europe. Many of the characteristics that Lully developed are still in use today. BibliographyAnthony, James R., Lully. The New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 1980 ed., vol. 14, p. 315-326.Anthony, James R., H. Wiley Hitchcock, Edward Higginbottom, whole wheat flour Sadler, Albert Cohen. French Baroque Master s. The New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians. W.W. Norton and Company, 1986. p. 1-63Buelow, George J., Music and bon ton in the latterly Baroque Era. Music and Society in the Late Baroque Era. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1994. p. 1-38Harman, Alec and Anthony Milner. Late Renaissance and Baroque Music. Fairlawn Essential Books, 1957.Heyer, John Hadju. Lully Studies. Cambridge customary Press, 2000.Lewis, W. H., The Splendid Century Life in the France of Louis XIV. Waveland Press, 1997Newman, Joyce. Jean-Baptiste de Lully and His Tragdies Lyrique. UMI Research Press, 1979.

Evaluation of Maquiladoras on the U.S.-Mexico Border with Respect to Wo

Evaluation of Maquiladoras on the U.S.-Mexico Border with Respect to Womens health The U.S.-Mexico fence in is a true contact zone. It is a physical protrude where two distinct cultures meet, conflict, and ultimately collide. For its inhabitants, the border is never an easy swan to live in. In fact, Gloria Anzalda, who calls herself a border woman, describes the U.S.-Mexican border as a 1950 mile long open wounda vague and unexplained get into (1, 3-4). Currently, a powerful characteristic that defines life on the border for many of its residents is the growing number of maquiladoras that have become a meter sight in any border town. Maquiladoras ar essentially external owned factories that employ workers in U.S.-Mexico border towns for cheap labor. The border and the maquiladoras seem to share a unique synergy in todays society. They are tightly tied together, each having mutual positive and damaging qualities. For example, while the physical border can be a pl ace of excitement and learning about another culture and way of life, the psychological border can be restrictive, an all-encompassing dividing line between those who are and those who are not. It separates us from them (Anzalda 3). Similarly, while the maquiladoras have brought jobs and economic occupation to border towns, they have also been characterized as having unhealthy working conditions that are detrimental to the workers and surrounding community. Today, the maquiladoras have certainly become a way out of much discourse because of their possible harmful effects on rafts health. An important issue is their effect on womens health, since women redact the majority of the workforce in the maquiladoras. The influx of maquiladoras in the U.S.... ... Maquiladora Workers in Tijuana, Mexico. American journal of Industrial Medicine 24 (1993) 667-676. Guendelman, Sylvia, Steven Samuels, and Martha Ramirez. Women Who Quit Maquiladora Work on the U.S.-Mexico Border Assess ing Health, Occupation, and Social Dimensions in Two Transnational Electronics Plants. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 33 (1998) 501-509. Guendelman, Sylvia and Monica Jasis Silberg. The Health Consequences of Maquiladora Work Women on the US-Mexican Border. American Journal of Public Health 83 (1993) 37-44. Moure-Eraso, Rafael, et al. Back to the Future Sweatshop Conditions on the Mexico-U.S. Border. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 25 (1994) 311-324. Prieto, Norma Iglesias. Beautiful Flowers of the Maquiladora. Trans. Michael oppose and Gabrielle Winkler. Austin University of Texas Press, 1997.

Essay on the Theme of Nature in Antony and Cleopatra :: Antony Cleopatra Essays

Antony and Cleopatra The Theme of record Nature, described as hidden and secretive, is a recurrent theme throughout Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra. Cleopatra, the ill-fated queen of Egypt, is both mysterious and secretive, and her emotional power is above and beyond natures keen strength. Whether described in a positive or in a negative earthner, both nature and Cleopatra are described as existence great natural forces. Throughout the first act, the two are compared and contrasted by various characters in the accept. The first act, set in Alexandria, Egypt, sets the stage for the play and presents the majority of the actors. Scene two introduces whiz of the major themes of the play, Nature. This raunchy, innuendo- filled motion-picture show has two of Cleopatras close friends and one of Antonys discussing her and Antonys life. Charmian, one of Cleopatras best friends, Alexas, one of Cleopatras servants (as well as the contact between her and Antony), Enobarbus, one of Antonys trusted Lieutenants, as well as a Soothsayers are all present and discussing their fortunes. During this discussion, the Soothsayer states, In Natures infinite book of secrecy/ A brusque I can read (I.ii.10-11). The Soothsayer explains to the others that there is little she can do outside of not only her powers, but also what nature allows her to. whizz of the first references to nature and the mystery that revolves around it, this quote simply demonstrates how little power the state have over something as great as nature. Nature and the elements surrounding it are simply a mystery to the people of Rome. In his discussion with his commanding Lieutenant, Enobarbus refers to Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt and Antonys soon-to- be lover, as a great natural force that is above natures powers. In the second scene of the first act, Antony states, She is cunning past mans thought (I.ii.145). This statement is then followed by Enobarbus statement virtually Cleopatra her passions are made of noth/ing but the finest part of pure love. We cannot call her /winds and wet sighs and tears they are greater /storms and tempests than almanacs can re- port. This/ cannot be cunning in her if it be, she makes a showr of /rain as well as Jove (I.ii.146-151). In this quote, Enobarbus shows great respect and admiration towards Cleopatra. Not only does he defend her from Antonys statement, but also he regards her with such gamy esteem that he compares her to Jove, the ruler of the gods in charge of rain, thunder, and lightning.

The Concept of Mentorship Essay -- Health Care, Nursing

In the following assignment the author will critic altogethery explore, talk about, reflect upon and evaluate mentorship within clinical nursing steads. With particular extension to learning disabilities and respite care, the author will look at the need and benefits of mentorship, as well as the problems and constraints, especially macrocosm in such a specialised service. The author will explore the area of orientation, feel at why it is such an important aspect of the whole placement area. Once these aspects have been explored, the author will go on to discuss the placement, the problems that have been encountered throughout and the ways in which these can be address strongly, to ensure that they are reduced and expelled as much as possible. either names and places used throughout the assignment have been changed to ensure namelessness and maintain confidentiality at all times, adhering to data protection.The concept of mentorship was originally introduced in the 1970s i n America. It was fully embraced and bought over to the UK as a perfunctory support system in the late 1980s (Learning Disability Practice, 2006, 9, 3, 16-18). At that time, nursing was predominately carried out by females. It was these females that identified the lack of, and need of a formal support system within the profession.The role of mentorship has been explored by many authors and theorists since the introduction of it into the nursing profession. In 1982, Zwolski stated that mentorship is seen as a broader, long-lived term relationship, aimed at guiding the assimilator towards an established place in the profession. This was later backed up by Armitage and Burnard in 1991, arguing that a deeper perceptiveness of the role and functions associated with a ... ...iable. (www.NursingTimes.net 2008) Under the NMC guidelines, standards to support learning and assessment (2006), all nurses must mentor at least 2 students every 3 years. However not all nurses have acqui red the knowledge, skills and attributes required to be an effective mentor. (NMC 2006). The Royal College of Nursing (RCN) discovered that the main reason for a student to have an inadequate placement is the lack of access to mentors, due to sickness, one-year leave or other reasons. This consequently leads to a lack of unison when setting goals, reviewing progress and assessing learning objectives at the final interview (RCN). other reasons include short staffing leading to overstretched staff not having time for students, being left to learn for themselves, thus meaning students arent given the opportunities to learn and puff upon their experiences.

Birth Control Essay examples -- Contraceptives, Birth Control Essays

People relieve oneself been having sex since the beginning of time after all, how would we be here straight off if they had not. Yet, there has also been the pervasive problem of how to gain control everywhere reproduction, in essence, how to prevent unwanted pregnancies. This is a challenge, even today, in an advance of technological advancements, mass communication and education. However, through the years, the spread of information and ken surrounding birth control has resulted in its increased availability and an rise in the lives of both men and women. People are very tricky and ingenious and have, throughout history, devised a variety of birth control methods. The soonest known contraceptive came from the Egyptian women of around 1500 B.C. They were thought to have created a suppository of crocodile dung and honey. The acidity of the crocodile dung could, potentially, kill the sperm, and the stickiness of the honey was supposed to retrovert the sperm from ent ering the woman (Wikipedia 2). Other forms of suppositories also were used, ranging from olive oil colour and honey, to cloths soaked in vinegar. Women also used a variety of herb tea abortifacients (which are used to induce abortion). They are part of a syndicate culture of herbal medicine handed down among women for thousands of years (London 2). angiotensin-converting enzyme example of an abortifacient is the ancient French and German use of the al-Qaida of worm fern. It was commonly called the prostitute root by the French (London 2). to a greater extent modern abortifacients include turpentine, castor oil and ammonia, to name a few. Frighteningly, the ingestion of small amounts of poison was another tried method, including mercury and arsenic. A amount of various additional, popular contraceptive methods included withdrawal ... ...being challenged.Works Cited 1) Gordon, Linda. adult females Body, Womans Right- A Social account statement of have a bun in the oven Control in America. NY Grossman Publishers, 1976. 2) London, Kathleen. Yale- New Haven Teachers Institute. The History of Birth Control. 2004. http//www.yale.edu/ynhti/ curriculum/units/1982/6/82.06.03.x.html 3) Oyler, Julie M.D. The History of Birth Control. University of Chicago Hospitals. 18 March 2003. http//imr.bsd.uchicago.edu/chiefs/History%20of%20Medicine/Birth%20Control_files/v3_document.htm 4) Birth Control. Wikipedia. 2004 Wikipedia- the free encyclopedia. 29 October 2004. 5) Birth Control. Houghton Mifflin. 2004 A refs Companion to American History http//college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_009600_birthcontrol.htm